Acwareus.com - Aquatic and Atmospheric Carbonic WAste REcycling Utilitarian Software - solutions to change the world permanently

The following material is compiled chiefly from Wikipedia. A more complete, lucid, to-the-point and yet comparatively concise material is probably nowhere to be found. Impressive.
Where we deem enhancing or emphasizing certain sections of it, we have completed (in line with Wikipedia terms of usage) it with material of our own or of other origin. Searching Wikipedia for "Carbon Capture and Recycling" or "Carbon Capture and Utilization" (or any subset or alternative thereof) will i.a. render the below portrayal of Carbon-neutral fuels — albeit, as said, modified at places. Enjoy!

Carbon-neutral fuels can refer to a variety of energy fuels or energy systems which have no net greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint. One class is synthetic fuel (including methane, gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel or ammonia^[1]) produced from sustainable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater. Other types can be produced from renewable energy sources such as wind turbines, solar panels, and hydroelectric power stations.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Such fuels are potentially carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric & aquatic greenhouse gases.^[6]^[7] Until captured carbon is used for plastics feedstock, carbon neutral fuel synthesis is the primary means of carbon capture and utilization or recycling.^[8]

To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere & from sea water, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Such power to gas carbon-neutral and carbon-negative fuels can be produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional fuels for transportation or heating.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Carbon-neutral fuels are used in Germany and Iceland for distributed storage of renewable energy, minimizing problems of wind and solar intermittency, and enabling transmission of wind, water, and solar power through existing natural gas pipelines. Such renewable fuels could alleviate the costs and dependency issues of imported fossil fuels without requiring either electrification of the vehicle fleet or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels, enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles.^[13] A 250 kilowatt synthetic methane plant has been built in Germany and it is being scaled up to 10 megawatts.^[16]

1 Production
2 Sources of carbon for recycling
3 Renewable and nuclear energy costs
4 Demonstration projects and commercial development
5 Greenhouse gas remediation
6 Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Production

Carbon-neutral fuels are synthetic hydrocarbons. They can be produced in chemical reactions between carbon dioxide, which can be captured from power plants, from the sea or the air, and hydrogen, which is created by the electrolysis of water using renewable energy. The fuel, often referred to as electrofuel, stores the energy that was used in the production of the hydrogen.^[17] Coal can also be used to produce the hydrogen, but that would not be a carbon-neutral source. Carbon dioxide can be captured and buried, making fossil fuels carbon-neutral, although not renewable. Carbon capture from exhaust gas can make carbon-neutral fuels carbon negative. Other hydrocarbons can be broken down to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide which could then be stored while the hydrogen is used for energy or fuel, which would also be carbon-neutral.^[18]

The most energy-efficient fuel to produce is hydrogen gas,^[19] which can be used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and which requires the fewest process steps to produce.

Methanol can be made from a chemical reaction of a carbon-dioxide molecule with three hydrogen molecules to produce methanol and water. The stored energy can be recovered by burning the methanol in a combustion engine, releasing carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Methane can be produced in a similar reaction. Special precautions against methane leaks are important since methane is nearly 100 times as potent as CO2, in terms of Global warming potential.^{[citation needed]} More energy can be used to combine methanol or methane into larger hydrocarbon fuel molecules.^[13]

Researchers have also suggested using methanol to produce dimethyl ether. This fuel could be used as a substitute for diesel fuel due to its ability to self ignite under high pressure and temperature. It is already being used in some areas for heating and energy generation. It is nontoxic, but must be stored under pressure.^[20] Larger hydrocarbons^[19] and ethanol^[21] can also be produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

All synthetic hydrocarbons are generally produced at temperatures of 200–300 °C, and at pressures of 20 to 50 bar. Catalysts are usually used to improve the efficiency of the reaction and create the desired type of hydrocarbon fuel. Such reactions are exothermic and use about 3 mol of hydrogen per mole of carbon dioxide involved. They also produce large amounts of water as a byproduct.^[2]

Sources of carbon for recycling

The most economical source of carbon for recycling into fuel is flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion where it can be obtained for about USD $7.50 per ton.^[4]^[7]^[14] Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been seen as economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting.^[22] Since carbonic acid in seawater is in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied.^[23]^[24] Researchers have estimated that carbon extraction from seawater would cost about $50 per ton.^[5] Carbon capture from ambient air is more costly, at between $600 and $1000 per ton and is considered impractical for fuel synthesis or carbon sequestration.^[7]^[9] Direct air capture is less developed than other methods. Proposals for this method involve using a caustic chemical to react with carbon dioxide in the air to produce carbonates. These can then be broken down and hydrated to release pure CO₂ gas and regenerate the caustic chemical. This process requires more energy than other methods because carbon dioxide is at much lower concentrations in the atmosphere than in other sources.^[13]

Researchers have also suggested using biomass as a carbon source for fuel production. Adding hydrogen to the biomass would reduce its carbon to produce fuel. This method has the advantage of using plant matter to cheaply capture carbon dioxide. The plants also add some chemical energy to the fuel from biological molecules. This may be a more efficient use of biomass than conventional biofuel because it uses most of the carbon and chemical energy from the biomass instead of releasing as much energy and carbon. Its main disadvantage is, as with conventional ethanol production, it competes with food production.^[2]

Renewable and nuclear energy costs

Nighttime wind power is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the load curve for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative. Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas of the U.S. averaged 1.64 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2009, but only 0.71 cents/kWh during the least expensive six hours of the day.^[13] Typically, wholesale electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day.^[25] Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce gasoline for less than petroleum fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel.^[26]

The U.S. Navy estimates that 100 megawatts of electricity can produce 41,000 gallons of jet fuel per day and shipboard production from nuclear power would cost about $6 per gallon. While that was about twice the petroleum fuel cost in 2010, it is expected to be much less than the market price in less than five years if recent trends continue. Moreover, since the delivery of fuel to a carrier battle group costs about $8 per gallon, shipboard production is already much less expensive.^[27]

Demonstration projects and commercial development

A 250 kilowatt methane synthesis plant was constructed by the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) at Baden-Württemberg and the Fraunhofer Society in Germany and began operating in 2010. It is being upgraded to 10 megawatts, scheduled for completion in autumn, 2012.^[28]^[29]

The George Olah carbon dioxide recycling plant operated by Carbon Recycling International in Grindavík, Iceland has been producing 2 million liters of methanol transportation fuel per year from flue exhaust of the Svartsengi Power Station since 2011.^[30] It has the capacity to produce 5 million liters per year.^[31]

Audi has constructed a carbon-neutral liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Werlte, Germany.^[32] The plant is intended to produce transportation fuel to offset LNG used in their A3 Sportback g-tron automobiles, and can keep 2,800 metric tons of CO₂ out of the environment per year at its initial capacity.^[33]

Commercial developments are taking place in Columbia, South Carolina,^[34] Camarillo, California,^[35] and Darlington, England.^[36] A demonstration project in Berkeley, California proposes synthesizing both fuels and food oils from recovered flue gases.^[37]

Greenhouse gas remediation

Carbon-neutral fuels might lead to greenhouse gas remediation because carbon dioxide gas would be reused to produce fuel instead of being released into the atmosphere. Capturing the carbon dioxide in flue gas emissions from power plants would eliminate their greenhouse gas emissions, although burning the fuel in vehicles would release that carbon because there is no economical way to capture those emissions.^[13] This approach would reduce net carbon dioxide emission by about 50% if it were used on all fossil fuel power plants. Most coal and natural gas power plants have been predicted to be economically retrofittable with carbon dioxide scrubbers for carbon capture to recycle flue exhaust or for carbon sequestration.^[38]^[7]^[10] Such recycling is expected to not only cost less than the excess economic impacts of climate change if it were not done, but also to pay for itself as global fuel demand growth and peak oil shortages increase the price of petroleum and fungible natural gas.^[9]^[11]

Capturing CO₂ directly from the air or extracting carbonic acid from seawater would also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment, and create a closed cycle of carbon to eliminate new carbon dioxide emissions.^[2] Use of these methods would eliminate the need for fossil fuels entirely, assuming that enough renewable energy could be generated to produce the fuel. Using synthetic hydrocarbons to produce synthetic materials such as plastics could result in permanent sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere.^[13]

Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol

Some authorities have recommended producing methanol instead of traditional transportation fuels. It is a liquid at normal temperatures and can be toxic if ingested. Methanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline but a lower energy density, and can be mixed with other fuels or used on its own. It may also be used in the production of more complex hydrocarbons and polymers. Direct methanol fuel cells have been developed by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to convert methanol and oxygen into electricity.^[20] It is possible to convert methanol into gasoline, jet fuel or other hydrocarbons, but that requires additional energy and more complex production facilities.^[13] Methanol is slightly more corrosive than traditional fuels, requiring automobile modifications on the order of USD $100 each to use it.^[2]^[39]

In 2016, a method using carbon spikes, copper nanoparticles and nitrogen that converts carbon dioxide to ethanol was developed.^[40]

History

Investigation of carbon-neutral fuels has been ongoing for decades. A 1965 report suggested synthesizing methanol from carbon dioxide in air using nuclear power for a mobile fuel depot.^[41] Shipboard production of synthetic fuel using nuclear power was studied in 1977 and 1995.^[42]^[43] A 1984 report studied the recovery of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel plants.^[44] A 1995 report compared converting vehicle fleets for the use of carbon-neutral methanol with the further synthesis of gasoline.^[39]

External links

Doty Windfuels (Columbia, South Carolina)
Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd. (Stockton-on-Tees, UK)
CoolPlanet Energy Systems (Camarillo, California)
Cost Model for US Navy Zero Carbon Nuclear Synfuel Process spreadsheet by John Morgan (January 2013; source)
Interview with Kathy Lewis of the US Naval Research Laboratory

[1] Jump up ^ Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas

[Zeman2008-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366: 3901–18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Wang2012-3] Jump up ^ Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703–27. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. Retrieved July 6, 2013. (Review.)

[MacDowell2010-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645–69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Eisaman2012-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis" (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346–52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved July 6, 2013.

[Graves2011rev-6] Jump up ^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)

[Socolow2011-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Socolow, Robert; et al. (June 1, 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[8] Jump up ^ Conference on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Chemistry and Polymers (Essen, Germany, October 10–11, 2012; post-conference program)

[Goeppert2012-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Prakash, G.K. Surya; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO₂ capture from the atmosphere". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (7): 7833–53. doi:10.1039/C2EE21586A. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[House2011-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b House, K.Z.; Baclig, A.C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E.A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H.J. (2011). "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO₂ from ambient air" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51): 20428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012253108. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[12] Jump up ^ Kothandaraman, Jotheeswari; Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Olah, George A.; Prakash, G. K. Surya (2016-01-27). "Conversion of CO2 from Air into Methanol Using a Polyamine and a Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (3): 778–781. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b12354.

[Pearson2012-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pearson, R.J.; Eisaman, M.D.; et al. (2012). "Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO₂, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 (2): 440–60. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Pennline2010-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pennline, Henry W.; et al. (2010). "Separation of CO₂ from flue gas using electrochemical cells". Fuel. 89 (6): 1307–14. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.036.

[Graves2011cells-15] Jump up ^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens (2011). "Co-electrolysis of CO₂ and H₂O in solid oxide cells: Performance and durability". Solid State Ionics. 192 (1): 398–403. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.06.014.

[16] Jump up ^ Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (May 5, 2010). "Storing green electricity as natural gas". fraunhofer.de. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[Pearson-17] Jump up ^ Pearson, Richard; Eisaman (2011). "Energy Storage Via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From Carbon dioxide, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100: 440–460. doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2168369. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

[Kleiner-18] Jump up ^ Kleiner, kurt (17 January 2009). "Carbon Neutral Fuel; a new approach". The Globe and Mail: F4. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[ubaposition-19] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Integration of Power to Gas/Power to Liquids into the ongoing transformation process" (PDF). June 2016. p. 12. Retrieved August 10, 2017.

[Olah-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b Olah, George; Alain Geoppert; G. K. Surya Prakash (2009). "Chemical recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Dimethyl Ether: From Greenhouse Gas to Renewable, Environmentally Carbon Neutral Fuels and Synthetic Hydrocarbons". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 74 (2): 487–98. PMID 19063591. doi:10.1021/jo801260f. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[21] Jump up ^ http://www.lanzatech.com/innovation/technical-overview/

[Musadi2011-22] Jump up ^ Musadi, M.R.; Martin, P.; Garforth, A.; Mann, R. (2011). "Carbon neutral gasoline re-synthesised from on-board sequestrated CO₂" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Transactions. 24: 1525–30. doi:10.3303/CET1124255. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[23] Jump up ^ DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 – Initial Feasibility Studies (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[Willauer2011-24] Jump up ^ Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 – Laboratory Scaling Studies (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[25] Jump up ^ Electricity Price NewFuelist.com (compare to off-peak wind power price graph.) Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[26] Jump up ^ Holte, Laura L.; Doty, Glenn N.; McCree, David L.; Doty, Judy M.; Doty, F. David (2010). Sustainable Transportation Fuels From Off-peak Wind Energy, CO₂ and Water (PDF). 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, May 17–22, 2010. Phoenix, Arizona: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[jetsea-27] Jump up ^ Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Williams, Frederick W. (September 29, 2010). Feasibility and Current Estimated Capital Costs of Producing Jet Fuel at Sea (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[28] Jump up ^ Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (2011). "Verbundprojekt 'Power-to-Gas'" (in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[29] Jump up ^ Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (July 24, 2012). "Bundesumweltminister Altmaier und Ministerpräsident Kretschmann zeigen sich beeindruckt von Power-to-Gas-Anlage des ZSW" (in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[30] Jump up ^ "George Olah CO2 to Renewable Methanol Plant, Reykjanes, Iceland" (Chemicals-Technology.com)

[31] Jump up ^ "First Commercial Plant" Archived February 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (Carbon Recycling International)

[32] Jump up ^ Okulski, Travis (June 26, 2012). "Audi's Carbon Neutral E-Gas Is Real And They're Actually Making It". Jalopnik (Gawker Media). Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[33] Jump up ^ Rousseau, Steve (June 25, 2013). "Audi's New E-Gas Plant Will Make Carbon-Neutral Fuel". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[34] Jump up ^ Doty Windfuels

[35] Jump up ^ CoolPlanet Energy Systems

[36] Jump up ^ Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd.

[37] Jump up ^ Kiverdi, Inc. (September 5, 2012). "Kiverdi Receives Energy Commission Funding for Its Pioneering Carbon Conversion Platform" (press release). Retrieved September 12, 2012.

[38] Jump up ^ DiPietro, Phil; Nichols, Chris; Marquis, Michael (January 2011). Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States: Examination of the Costs of Retrofitting with CO₂ Capture Technology, Revision 3 (PDF) (report NETL-402/102309). National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. DOE contract DE-AC26-04NT41817. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[Steinberg1995-39] Jump up to: ^a ^b Steinberg, Meyer (August 1995). The Carnol Process for CO₂ Mitigation from Power Plants and the Transportation Sector (PDF) (informal report BNL–62110). Upton, New York: Department of Advanced Technology, Brookhaven National Laboratory. (Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH00016). Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[CO2_to_ethanol-40] Jump up ^ Johnston, Ian (2016-10-19). "Scientists accidentally turn pollution into renewable energy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2016-10-19.

[41] Jump up ^ Beller, M.; Steinberg, M. (November 1965). Liquid fuel synthesis using nuclear power in a mobile energy depot system (research report BNL 955 / T–396). Upton, New York: Brookhaven National Laboratory, under contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. (General, Miscellaneous, and Progress Reports — TID–4500, 46th Ed.). Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[42] Jump up ^ Bushore, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Robin Paul (May 1977). Synthetic Fuel Generation Capabilities of Nuclear Power Plants with Applications to Naval Ship Technology (M.Sc. thesis). Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[43] Jump up ^ Terry, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Kevin B. (June 1995). Synthetic Fuels for Naval Applications Produced Using Shipboard Nuclear Power (PDF) (M.Sc. thesis). Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[44] Jump up ^ Steinberg, M.; et al. (1984). A Systems Study for the Removal, Recovery and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Power Plants in the U.S. (technical report DOE/CH/0016-2). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Carbon Dioxide Research Division. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

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	Gains of artificial photosynthesis
1.	regulation of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide ₂, methane CH₄ and dinitro oxide N₂O, a k a laughing-gas -- water vapour H₂O, however, is the most efficient and most abundant greenhouse gas, whose concentraion is affected mainly by the temperature (colder oceans emit less water vapor, and vice versa)
2.	recycling and reuse of energy in the form of electricity, hydrogen, carbon, hydrocarbons and alcohols (see the above figure) in accordance with market demands
3.	a drastic reduction in oil & gas exploration and coal mining from fossil sources -- the remaining oil is needed within other important areas in the foreseeable future
4.	the fossil energy we already have extracted and won from fossil deposits becomes our friend forever, instead of our enemy and assassin
5.	the deforestation of tropical forests can cease because the cultivation of energy crops (such as corn, soy and oil palm) for the production of fuel ethanol no longer will be profitable
6.	as the oil, gas & coal depot volumes decrease (oil has already peaked), so do the extraction costs increase for the oil companies, whereby recycling (hydration & re-use) of greenhouse gases through the regeneration of hydrocarbons and other fuels become more profitable
7.	it will be possible to fully utilize the existing infrastructure constituting pipelines, ports, and refineries, gradually less and less used due to the fossil fuel extraction chain's growing unprofitability, which could minimize new investment costs
8.	we may go about constructing prototypes and deploying pilot plants promptly, because of all the research results already available as blueprints for keen entrepreneurs to start abiding -- for instance, in September 2012 news of Panasonic's first prototype plant reached the world Read more: Future global fuel- combinatory glocal energy-solutions How Artificial Photosynthesis Works Photochemical carbon dioxide reduction The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) Artificial Photosynthesis II Lunds universitet/ Att härma växterna för framtida energiförsörjning Miljöstyrningsrådet/ Konstgjord fotosyntes har potential Svensk Leverantörstidning/ Viktigt genombrott för förnyelsebara energikällor


	Consequences of global warming
1.	The Antarctic shelf-ices are melting already. These constitute the only barrier that holds back the Antarctic several kilometres thick land-based ices from sliding out into the ocean. Archaeologists have presented evidence that our planet earlier has undergone global warming to the level where the surrounding Antarctic shelf-ices melted away and no longer could hold back, entailing an abrupt sea-level rise of 50-60 meters. This is also expected to happen in the future. Mountainous ice bodies plunging into the ocean will produce tsunamis of immense height and width (both directionally and transversally)
2.	All the world's glaciers (e.g. Greenland, Patagonia, Alaska, the Alps, New Zealand Southern Alps) have already melted off to some degree, but of the remaining ice bodies, the water equivalent of the Greenland inland ice alone corresponds to a sea-level rise of 6-8 metres. By comparison, some scientists specify that the sea level rise since 1820 is some 20 cm, while researchers departing from altitude marks dated to the beginning of the 18th century set the raise to 70 cm; thereupon argue the learned. Arctic melting will not affect the sea level, because the ice completely rests in the ocean, where it displaces seawater equivalent to its own weight (according to Archimedes' principle)
3.	The ice meltoff in the northern hemisphere slows the Gulf stream already (estimates say 30%) and will weaken it further in days to come. All global ocean currents will change which affects not only the marine wildlife, but new weather phenomena will also occur - hurricanes with higher wind speeds and new trajectories are forecasted to devastate and inundate areas farther north - among others New York, Tokyo and Shanghai may be frequently susceptible. Also the precipitation's distribution will be impacted even more than now, entailing even more inland inundations and droughts. A large part of the additional carbon dioxide is absorbed by oceans and lakes, causing an increased acidification and fishkills - the water that animals and plants live in more and more resemble soda water! If even the blue-green algae get adversely affected, life on Earth is jeopardized because the algae account for 80% of the oxygen production onto the atmosphere
4.	A large part of the city, provincial, and rural populations in and around more than two thirds of the world's major cities will have to escape from drowning like rats. Complete anarchy will break out, and the notion of individual ownership will no longer have any meaning. Here only the law of the jungle applies - eat or be eaten - and only the strongest and most unscrupulous, armed or insane individuals will survive.
5.	Massvält och brist på eller avsaknad av i princip allt blir troligen följden All infrastructure somehow connected to the flooded areas will become unusable. This way, inter-continental transports as well as intra-continental and domestic transport networks will break down altogether. Mass starvation and the lack or absence of basically everything will probably be the consequence.
6.	The financial and monetary systems are crashing down at an early stage. Insurance companies won't insure property, banks won't lend to housing that could soon become worthless or, by extension, repossessed or demolished by outsiders. Because money finally will be useless, social security networks are crashing down too, so anyone who cannot engage in barter can neither get hold of food, shelter, warmth, nor medicine for his or her family
7.	Politicians neither in the EU nor any other country, agency or organization will be able to do anything because too few people will want to do anything - those who want to do something will be thwarted by those who earn their living (and some of them fill their pockets) on the reigning system. The financial system ought to stand on tiptoe as soon as it gets the scent of new and previously unimagined business opportunities. However, unfortunately they have probably wasted their powder and shots in connection with the financial crisis of 2008 (and counting), the EMU crisis escalating into an EU crisis, low solidity, and pyramid game like, hollow, fictitious bank values, as well as national budget deficits and loan dependencies of the Chinese (who start a new coal fired power plant per week... and want to change no-a-ting) Read more: Consequences of global warming Global Sea Level Rise Map Världssituationen just nu Sternrapporten – en genomgripande analys av klimatförändringens ekonomi Flashback Forum/ Vad är styrmedel ? Al Gore/ En obekväm sanning

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APS/e3 concept outlines
APS - artificial photosynthesis conceptually outlined and applied: Our vision on the future global fuel & integrated glocal energy solutions


Our vision on the future climate & energy strategy applied by our solutions !

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Production

Sources of carbon for recycling

Renewable and nuclear energy costs

Demonstration projects and commercial development

Greenhouse gas remediation

Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol

History

See also

Further reading

External links

Contents

Overview

Metrics

Comparison to aqueous amine absorbents

Advantages

Disadvantages

Physical adsorbents

Zeolites

Metal-organic frameworks

Chemical adsorbents

Amine impregnated solids

	What Can replace 5000 Million tons of fossil Oil per year? What Can replace 9000 Million tons of fossil Coal per year? What Can replace 4000 Billion cubic meters of fossil Gases? What Can replace them all by Clean, Cheap, Renewable Energy? Trash Can. Or Fossil Waste. Combustion Waste is a Resource To Us, it's a Precious Resource A Clean and Resilient Resource Recycled, an Eternal Resource Our World can Run on Waste. Power Plant Waste Industrial Waste Your Car Waste Everybody's Waste Don't Waste Your Energy.	x o
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<	Regardless of compound, Carbon (like in dioxide) is Energy Energy is not destructible, Energy is just transformable Make Use of Your Energy, Retransform Your Energy Don't Waste Your Energy, Recycle Your Waste Gases	x o
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<	Make fossil Waste Transmute into Clean Fuels Make fossil Waste a Renewable Energy Turn fossil Waste into a Present from the Past Turn fossil Waste into Friends for Ever to Last Save the Ocean and Lake Life from Dying. Make the World Secure against Drowning. As Walking in Circles means "Progress" Age of Reason long Past and far Gone As those ones we Trusted all Fail The Most Provident Camp Will Prevail Invest in or Sponsor Today "The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge " — Stephen Hawking	x o
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<	@ <3 we believe 2 accomplish this: 1. Absorb atmospheric, aquatic & smokestack CO2 (Carbon Capture) 2 ... — Reuse the Carbon portion (CCR) YES! — Store/Sequester the CO2 (CCS) NO!! — lower temperatures and thereby ocean levels — stabilize, then reverse ocean & lake acidification* — provide clean, cheap, abundant, sustainable energy 2. Absorb atmospheric CH4, Methane 2 ... — reuse directly as (L)NG, natural gas — convert into other hydrocarbons 3. Retract plastic waste from the oceans 2 ... *— repair nutrition chains & habitats (combined with CCR effort) — save biologic variety & populations 4. Desalinize seawater (solar powered) 2 ... — provide drinking water in abundance — irrigate arable soils (residue free like rain) — halt & reverse desert propagation 5. Particle filters on smokestacks, burners, trucks, vessels etc 2 ... — clean out smutty glacier & polar ice surfaces — (surface sunlight absorption speeds up melt-off) — detoxify mountain glacier (river) drinking & irrigation water — prevent landslides and thereby provide revegetation** " Intellectuals solve problems, geniuses prevent them " — Albert Einstein	x o
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<	Our operational objectives: • sustainable energy - climate - economy solutions • atmospheric & aquatic compound balance restoration • climate regulation by recycling fossil fuel waste • energy regeneration from greenhouse gases • computer based molecular simulation & biomimetics • catalyst elaboration research software • atmospheric & aquatic carbonic waste reprocessing utilitarian software We could never permanently remove atmospheric and aquatic CO2 & other greenhouse gases -- We must balance their levels & reuse them, by recycling their intrinsic energy over and over again! " People think you're crazy if you talk about things they don't understand " — Elvis Presley	x o
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<	ACWAREUS CES is developing a unique software-based scientific tool for the development of molecules functioning as catalysts in applied artificial photosynthesis, which can be tailored to produce various hydrocarbon* fuels, out of high volume flows of atmospheric & aquatic greenhouse gases at normal pressures and temperatures, as well as out of fumes or carbon-separated* greenhouse gases from power plants & industry (CCR model). * Ethane and methane (natural gas), DME, butane, propane and heavier gases, methanol, ethanol and other alcohols, trimetypentan, hexadecane and various blends of gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, etc., and other products such as ethylene & plastics, waxes, medicines, synthetic rubber, etc. CO2, CO, CH4 (methane), N2O ("laughing-gas"), H2O (water vapor), O3 (ozone), etc * excepting subsequent deposition as in the CCS model " And those who were seen dancing were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music " — Friedrich Nietzsche	x o
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<	Our software tool uses templates and science data to calculate the costs and outflows due to the inflow volume, the composition of the inflow gases, their pressure and temperature, and the selection of active catalyst. Our software also calibrates connected infrastructure (existing pipelines, ports, refineries, repositories, railways, highways and the expansion needs of those) and assesses geographically suitable locations based on available natural resources (sunshine, sea/lake water, possibly wind) and demographic, political, security and terrain-contingent considerations. " Many are those who profess, many are those who profiteer " — our own Renewables Industry assessment	x o
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<	We Know how to Rewind Climate Change by Producing Resource Resilient Fuels thru Recycling Energy out of Greenhouse Gases applying our Atmospheric & Aquatic Carbonic Waste Reprocessing Utilitarian Software Hindsight is an exact science, probably the most precise of all — the hind-site, the fore-site Join this rescue endeavor into our Place in Space that we call Home.	x o
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	NEW FUNCS & NEWSREEL 2017-08-06 » New section: Solutions & Product Concepts section. Feel enticed to get back to us with proposals, feedback and questions on this new section . Remember - Fantasy is tightly connected to Reality. Big Dreams always come true! 2016-11-27 » Acwareus new blog: Acwareus Wordpress Blog. Feel super welcome to post any comment, feedback or question in this new blog - our hope is that we shall build on this together. Say what You think - out loud! 2016-02-01 » Breaking news: Turning air into fuel: USC scientists convert carbon dioxide into methanol - super-efficiently and at lower temperatures. https://news.usc.edu/91297/turning-air-into-fuel-usc-scientists-turn-carbon-dioxide-into-methanol/ Today a report was issued from USC - University of Southern California - evidencing that atmospheric carbondioxide succesfully had been captured and recycled into methanol at temperatures between just 125 - 145 centigrades (Celsius scale). However slightly unfavorable their estimated full-scale facility production cost turned out in comparison with the currently minimal oil product prices, there is a clear trend pointing in the direction of more and more laboratories and scientists determinably and successfully endeavoring into the hunt for GHG (greenhouse gas) conversion into clean fuels. This implies that the time when new markets for those new products will emerge may be here sooner than expected. Our vision and our business aim is steadfast: we mean to help procure the world's energy producers with an arsenal of techniques to produce clean, cheap fuels at low costs, simultaneously turning what is slowly killing us all into profitable merchandise, instead miraculously beneficial to us all. Our CatELab-APS/e3 software will enable the elaboration of catalysts suitable for various conditions and applications: diluted atmospheric and seawater-dissolved GHGs at various temperatures and at normal atmospheric - aquatic pressures; aquatic GHGs dissolved in sea water; concentrated car exhaust outlet GHGs at high temperatures and elevated gas pressure (compare with today's nitrogen transforming catalytic converters, mandatory underneath every modern car); concentrated industry and power plant smokestack GHGs at reduced temperatures and moderate pressure; any today not anticipated application dealing with any range of concentration, temperature and pressure. Also, of course adapted to the type of fuel the energy producer desires to output at any given facility or mobile catalytic converter setup. This implies that we have designed our software to work with any given combined level of those four production conditions, be they high or low, dense or diluted, hot or cold, respectively. At the very finish line we wish to - and we see no reason not to - be able to offer a software that can be managed in a simple way by non-scientist personnel, simply operated through intuitive web browser interface parameter calibrations of the anticipated transformation process input conditions as well as the desired outputs by turn. 2015-10-09 » New utility: FleXray Anylyzer! - Flexible X-ray Analyzer - an omnifarious & omnipotent utility software for analyzing anything, any way. This utlility is integrated into the Important Facts & Docs section. Its functionality can be applied to any data of any type, coming from any source. This utility is developed by us as a stand-alone software package easily integrable onto any set of information source - documents, calculation sheets, videos, audios, photos, graphics, animations, databases, webplaces, maps ... whatever -- No "Big-Data"... c) : Works with any document format ... any video format ... any image format ... any raw data streaming in from anywhere, auto-structured by the reader function into crystal clear data and analyzed meeting your every need of clarity. So check it out and experience a new world of perceiving and dealing with... anything really... right at your fingertips, coming alive at your excited feet! This will turn you into a big-time juggler in total control - intuitively and with no effort. (the analyze functionality portion of this utility is available to FleXray subscribers and to CatELab licensees. Contact us for a demo and for additional information.) Stay tuned 4 addons! 2015-06-11 » New section: Important Facts & Docs section. Note: The transform image propoperties template (shown on mouse-over resize image icon for an opened image) currently does not work well with Mozilla Firefox browser. Stay tuned for coming support input! Feel encouraged to get back to us with feedback on this new section - that's how we can best improve concept and quality as we roll out new addon functionality. Think big & Never miss a thing! 2015-03-05 » New section: FAQs & answers! Will continually be extended so peek in regularly. Also feel very welcome to mail us questions, answers to FAQ'd questions, ideas, viewpoints, feedback, suggestions, proposals, complaints, and of course :) credits. We intend shortly to hang up a bulletin board in order to post notices not categorized as news nor graffiti, but with the same content as described above but back to you members & viewers -- answers to your questions etc, feedback on your ideas etc. Some questions of yours may also end up as new FAQ items. Be back soon! 2015-02-28 » New section: Graffiti Board! Boasting thoughts, ideas, postures, whatever! that You members or Ourselves want to "debrief" or delve into. N.b: all entries are anonymous and will be scrutinized before accepted. Commonplace ethics apply (racism, foul language, etc). Postings accepted will be aired within 24 hrs. Sorting by day or by category and day (decided shortly). There is a simple entry pane at bottom of the Board for you to enter your texts, maximum of 1000 characters. For non-anon postings, discussion threads, answers, etc, please utilize our Blog function. You may of course refer to Board entries in a Blog posting, but not conversely. Complaints category entries on the Board will be conveyed to a Complaints-anon ticket in the Blog. Get your spray cans out!! 2015-02-26 » New section: New Funcs & Newsreel! more items coming up soon ...	x o

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	IMPORTANT FACTS & DOCS This section will be featuring a selection of facts that we've dug out and that You'll dig out all by Yourself. Cause it's fun and easy! You may comment on each document and supply links to your own documents - your private ones and those you wish to see public (upon our scrutiny). We'll boast a menu of available facts and documents enabling juggling those ones you've already opened. Our advanced cross-document, cross-web, cross-science database *FleXray Anylyzer* (re)search & analysis utility is herein integrated, enabling you to lay the most elaborate jigsaw-puzzles instantly all by yourself. Stay tuned! You'll find entirely new ways of dealing with facts, resulting in an "Einsten - Holmes" crossover capability eliminating that tedious and confusing computer work we've been fed for all to long. To hell with the old school canteen, say hello to a dining mall to your exclusive likings! Topics, among thousands upon thousands relevant ones out there, comprise e.g: • artificial photosynthesis • scenarios & consequences • major world cities • greenhouse gas sources • climate & energy • demography & population at risk • flooding maps (in new tab): flood.firetree.net & geology.com/sea-level-rise Information sources are uncountable & tough to juggle. Except right in here - So go find it all out 4 Yourself !!' more coming soon!	x o

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	OUR SOLUTIONS SECTION "One is compelled to save energy if one produces it in a dangerous manner, like we do now. But if not, I don't see any reason for us being compelled to save energy in the future" / Brian Cox, famous particle physicist, Manchester featuring » » solutions & product concepts » science & technology bases » CCR (Carbon Capture & Recycle) technologies » catalyst elaboration & simulation lab sets » atmospheric & aquatic waste energy recovery » industrial fuel & energy regenerators » vehicle shunt refuelling catalytic converters » CatELab-APS/e3 research, simulation & PRISM software » FleXray Anylyzer utility software » An Unprecedented Energy Investment Opportunity	x o
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			Our vision on the future global fuel- combinatory glocal energy- solutions
			Our vision on the future climate & energy applied in our solutions !



	Emission sources of greenhouse gases (GHG)
	Read more: Emission sources of greenhouse gases Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 Detailed Analysis of the Various Energy Markets 2012 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector IPCC - intergovernmental panel on climate change

Acwareus mission & vision
» Mission & vision » create opinion, and hence a demand that creates a market for recycling (regeneration) of energy out of reprocessed greenhouse gases. » create a never ending cycle from hydrocarbon-based fuels to greenhouse gases back to hydrocarbon-based fuels, again and again. » help businesses make money and simultan-eously allow the regulation of atmospheric green-house gases in order to prevent a total disaster. » offer researchers & market parties conceptual blueprints with tools for multi-physics simulation & chemical-biological energy research.

Acwareus idea & incentive model
» Idea & incentive » You want information and want to take part in a positive climate/energy development » become a member (free of charge) at Acwareus » Increasing membership numbers & target group marketing » interest in appearing here by means of advertising » Individuals & other investors believe in great market influence & strong business development » purchase of equities holding prospects of high ROI » Companies & other organisations, and individuals want to image themselves » sponsorship & donation as a heart issue and/or for goodwill, publicity, advertising & benefits » Increasing hype, leasing of CatELab-APS/e3 software tool for scientists & market operators taking off, significant competitive advantages for advertisers, sponsors & amp; others involved, propagation via social media & mass-media coverage increases the interest » more members wanting to take part & wanting to find out more » New lap boasting aggregated numbers of members, advertisers, equity buyers, sponsors and donors » insight propagation, demand pressure, market impact, business incentives, and so forth lap by lap » At a certain point, operations begin to pay dividends in terms of demand pressures & market manipulation » growing number of researcher communities dedicated to various APS/e3 solutions, entrepreneurial initiatives for prototyping and piloting emerge, positive results attract for example oil companies, and voilà - mission accomplished!

Acwareus equity model
» Equities » The annual net yield* is partly a basic pot constituting one half of last year's total turnover on adverts and sponsorships (taxes and prime costs* deduced), and partly a bonus pot made up of the second half. » The basic pot is apportioned among the total number of equities (hence "eqs") at last turn of the year in such a way that the value of each whole year owned equity ("eq") annually may increase by up to 50%, depending on the total number of eqs sold. » If the number of eqs proportionate to the net yield is so low that all eqs together cannot absorb the net yield portion exceeding the maximum ceiling, then the surplus is buffered and subsequently apportioned on coming year(s) not reaching the ceiling. » Following the same principle the bonus pot is also apportioned, half on every fifth (1 in 5) eq and half on every twentieth (1 in 20) eq, respectively. » E.g.: If total number of eqs (at 10 SEK purchase price) is 1000 units and net income (incl any withdrawals from buffer) is 10,000 EUR or more ( ratio 1 to at least 10**), there will be a maximum yield that year » 5000 SEK to the basic pot » 5000 / 1000 eqs » 5 SEK for each eq, and 5000 to the bonus pot » 2500 (= 1/2 of 5000) / 200 eqs (= 1000/5) » 12,5 SEK for every 5th eq, and » 2500 (= 1/2 av 5000) / 50 eqs (=1000/20) » 50 SEK for every 20th eq. » Thus, if you own 20 eqs, the annual yield, depending on the eq number / net income ratio, per eq & year will be up to: 5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-67,5** (Sum: 165 + 317,5 + 1*67,5 alt. 205 + 412,5 + 150 = 200 SEK* for each 20-block at 200 SEK purchase price). » On whole year possession, for each eq-block (purchase price within parentheses), the annual maximum yield in SEK and in percentage, respectively, will be e.g.: 1-(10)-5-50%, 5-(50)-37,5-75%, 20-(200)-200-100%. A multiple factor eqs match the same multiple factor annual yields, e.g.: 10-(100)-50-50%, 50-(500)-375-75%, 200-(2000)-2000-100%. » The value of an eq's annual yield is aggregated to its nominal basic value (the 10 SEK purchase price) and yield from any previous year(s). » The basic value is always unreduced. The yielded annual share is unreduced on whole year possession and reduced by the portion of missing days on part-of-year possession. » On equity-holder's sale of eqs, we will, in queue-order, repay their full current value (the balance as of last turn of year) as soon as member(s) buy(s) at least the same number of new equities as sold, but no later than end of the following year half (sold 1st year half » repay no later than Dec 30 of present year; sold 2nd year half » repay no later than June 30 ensuing year). Remunerations for in-house development of software & databank, research costs, member support, and any travelling, all in the line of duty. Funded and buffered balances as well as all income, expenditure, and current number of eqs & number at the last turn of year are openly reported. Donations* are funded in our foundation for in-house or external parties' efforts in the area, and these and their usage are reported in accordance with any donation terms. Or equivalent, see bizz model for current exchange rates. * You can affect the yield rate, feeding a positiv spiral: buy equities to » increase the site's popularity whereby » advertisement increases, entailing » increased advertiser gains; advertise to » increase the site's popularity whereby » equity purchasing increases, entailing » increased real equity gains and thereby » increased advertising, and so on, and so forth. please state your member no.* & name/alias in all communication with us*

Acwareus info model
basic info » member extended info » advertiser/partner/...* complete info » equity (bond) holder* + software » CatELab-APS/e3 leaser * the more equities, the more info

Acwareus bizz model
Swedish payments » bankgiro 876-4169 international Bic/Swift » ESSESESS Iban » SE39500000000CLNRACCOUNT please state your member no. & name/alias

paradises and nations lost
Sea level rise scenarios: 1st wave (1 m) » wipes out "paradise islands" (for eterntiy erasing most of those flags on the map below) and floods coastal regions and numerous coastal cities world-wide on stormy conditions 2nd wave (2 m) » waterfills perhaps the majority of coastal cities, lowland nations like Bangla Desh & the Netherlands at high tides and tempests, sweeping clean and depopulating the Carribean, Pacific, Atlantic & Indian ocean isle archipelagos, ... eroding anything coastal and rendering seaports useless world-wide, hence precluding goods & passenger shipment 3rd wave (3 m) » inundates every coastal city and most coastal sea or land based infrastructure world-wide, soaking nations like Denmark and Australia, islands like Ireland, Sicilia, Sardegna, ... 4th wave (...) » involves actual waves, namely enormous tsunamis created by sliding chunks of Antarctica splashing down into the ocean - all said & done entailing some 70 meters sea level rise

CatELab & APS/e3 integrated processes

CatELab research software integrated with APS/e3 in iterative, eternal, climate neutral processes: » Templates: Rules, patterns, (cor)relations, connections, formulae, etc that can be applied on data of various kinds in accordance with scientific facts and research results or other findings based on any field of study. CatELab-APS/e3 imports, utilizes and facilitates formulating new Templates of arbitrary type, usage, and complexity. » Scientific data: Scientific and any other type of data, stored in the database integrated with CatELab- APS/e3, or extracted from Internet on-the-fly, linked into the Simulator or Template Manager at any level and stage of execution. » CatELab-APS/e3 software: The "Reactor" for simulating on parameters involving Scientific data (2), Templates (1), temperature, pressure, any magnetic field, any electromagnetic radiation, any non catalytic doping or other nano substance etc, in order to identify eligible Catalyst candidates to the production of different tailor-made fuels or other products, out of Greenhouse Gases (foremost CO2) in processes based on Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis (APS). The eligibility of each Catalyst candidate is graded by their conformity to compelling standards constituting (the exchange of) energy, economy and ecology (e3) as an inseparable triangular market frame. The software also manages databases and other datasets, mappings from internet data sources, etc (2), manages Templates (1), and calibrates, measures, evaluates, and controls processes (4), saving every data associated with them along with lab environmental settings. » APS/e3 processes: APS/e3 processes utilize Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis, taking the following input: Sunlight, (ocean) Water, (atmospheric or smokestack) Carbon-dioxide, Catalyst(s). Resulting process outputs are fuels and other products. » Output: • Pure, solid Coal (C) for power plants and industries. • Gaseous Hydrocarbons (CxHx) like Methane, Ethane, Propane, and Buthane. • Liquid Hydrocarbons (CxHx) like Hexane, Benzene, Kerosene/Paraffin, and heavier compounds. Petrol/Gasoline is a mixture of some fifty molecular compounds, Diesel contains heavier molecules. • Fluid alcohols like Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, and bi-alcoholic compounds like DME (gaseous) and heavier, liquid ones. • Utilitarian products like plastics, medicals, fertilizers, building and other construction materials, ethylene based polymers, waxes, mascaras, lubricating oils, tar, tarmac, and much more. Even electricity could be produced as a bi-product of some processes. Pure Hydrogen (H2) is easily produced splitting (ocean) water through electrolysis (oxidation/reduction) without any catalyst, perhaps best propelled by wind or solar power electricity. However, Hydrogen is not very suitable as a fuel other than in power plants or industries directly adjacent to where it is produced.
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CCR - APS processes
Schematic conceptual view of photocatalyst oxidation & photocatalyst reduction + synthesis processes
Catalyst induced processes in Artificial PhotoSynthesis applying our concept of CCR - Carbon(dioxide) Capture and Recycling (or Reprocessing/Regeneration/Reactivation/Reuse/...) Our CatELab-APS/e3 catalyst elaboration/E-Lab simulation software embodies a science-based simulation "reactor" kernel and a virtual lab which emulates any imaginable laboratory setup and configuration found or conceived in the real world. It elaborates GHG-to-fuel CCR transformed conversion processes by tailoring the catalyst required for meeting the producer's desired fuel type output in any given inter-combined environmental condition setup with respect to GHG compound and density, temperature and pressure. All is achieved in separate but integrated process steps: » Photocatalyst (or Non-) designed to do what green leaves do in the initial step of natural photosynthesis by means of a (one of many types of) Chlorophyll emulating (only desirably thousands-fold more efficiently) catalyst molecule - in order to boast a fuel production satisfying the not least important of the three viably indispensible 'e' letters of our software's nominal e3 notion: economy. This step is however not mandatory for the ensuing second dual-step-process to come alive, while the H2O (water) split that occurs in step 1 easily and often favorably could be substituted for hydrogen plus-ion production by means of electrolysis of water, yielding an identical result: feeding H+ ions into step 2 processes. » A dual process step commenced by splitting CO2 Carbondioxide into CO Carbonmonoxide and O Oxygen (formula: 2CO2 -> 2CO + O2) in the presence of a fit Chlorophyll emulating (only also here thousands-fold more efficient) catalyst molecule. The first part of this dual process step is then ensued by combining the CO Carbonmonoxide with the H+ Hydrogen, free electrons supplied by step (1) or by electrolysis, and possibly O Oxygen into various hydrocarbon, solid carbon, or alcohol fuels or other type of product, whose output type is determined by the type of catalyst molecule present. The economic satisfaction of a certain process taking place is determined by the output volumes (the output rates) in relation to the process parameter settings (the input values of density, temperature, pressure, and any other entity that may or may not come into play). $<?PHP echo ($swelang?' se CatELab-APS/e3 forskningsverktyg beskrivning & specifikation ':' view CatELab-APS/e3 research software tool description & specifics ');?>$ Photocatalyst oxidation & photocatalyst reduction + synthesis processes as viewed in CatELab-APS/e3 virtual simulator 3D-model) The fulfilment of input requisites is also allied with the competitive market prices for each type of fuel produced -- supplying the right energy market product is fine, doing it from GHGs - thereby cleaning out the atmosphere from their detrimental impact - is super. But only so long as it is produced and put on sale at a competitive price. The market alone will decide how competitive any output product will prove to be. Customers may well find themselves motivated to pay more for clean fuels, just like some of us fancy even expensive organically grown foods, but in order to truly bring about a change in terms of an adequate atmospheric cleanup, putting a halt to acidification, ice meltoffs and climatic catastrophes, we need to attract the vast majority that often primarily consume what comes at the best price. Low production costs and utilization of existing distribution infrastructure is the best way to ensure this, hence not founding any hopes on political decisions like tax regulations or product subsidizing. CatELab-APS/e3 simulator virtual 3D-model showing a solid heterogenous surface catalyst in action while converting methane into methanol by means of an injected catalyst or series of catalysts Our CatELab-APS/e3 software will enable the elaboration of catalysts suitable for various conditions and applications: diluted atmospheric and seawater-dissolved GHGs at various temperatures and at normal atmospheric - aquatic pressures; concentrated car exhaust outlet GHGs at high temperatures and elevated gas pressure (compare with today's nitrogen transforming catalytic converters, mandatory underneath every modern car); concentrated industry and power plant smokestack GHGs at reduced temperatures and moderate pressure; any today not anticipated application dealing with any range of concentration, temperature and pressure. Also, of course adapted to the type of fuel the energy producer desires to output at any given facility or mobile catalytic converter setup. This implies that we have designed our software to work with any given combined level of those four production conditions, be they high or low, dense or diluted, hot or cold, respectively. At the very finish line we wish to - and we see no reason not to - be able to offer a software that can be managed in a simple way by non-scientist personnel, simply operated through intuitive web browser interface parameter calibrations of the anticipated transformation process input conditions as well as the desired outputs by turn.
Time- & length scale view of scibase math areas or levels coverage by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator (image by courtesy of Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces). Relate to the following graphics below.
Catalyst Elaboration through virtual Multi-Physics, Omni-Science simulation based on real world mathematical calculation Our CatELab-APS/e3 catalyst elaboration/E-Lab simulation software is none short of an Omni-Science & a Multi-Physics simulation cross-over hybrid platform, that will be released in various "reactor" kernel and virtual lab versions, as said above emulating any imaginable laboratory setup and configuration found or conceived in the real world. All our product versions for various contemporary science hot spots bear the kinship and the sword's mark of Acwareus Climate-Energy Solutions, be it brought to market under separate trademarks or hosted by separate partnering hosts. Here offered, this Catalyst Elaboration/E-Lab ad hoc setup version through simulations enables the elaboration of GHG-to-fuel CCR transformation and conversion processes by tailoring the catalyst(s) required for meeting the producer's desired fuel type output, in any given inter-combined environmental condition setup with respect to GHG compound and density, temperature, pressure and other key factors. It thereby fully integrates with other featured versions of our product line. The "reactor" kernel, regardless of released version dedicated to a demanded ad-hoc featured scientific hot-spot, operates seamlessly inside all four main fields of mathematical or iteratively approaching numerical fields or levels of calculation: quantum calculation » carries out computations in the small quantum cohomology ring of any Grassmannian of classical type. More precisely, it covers ordinary Grassmannians (type A) and Grassmannians of isotropic subspaces in a symplectic vector space (type C) or in an orthogonal vector space (type B or D), aimed at studying the small quantum cohomology rings of submaximal isotropic and orthogonal Grassmannians. molecular dynamics » studies the physical movements of atoms and molecules, it's thus a type of N-body simulation. Trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanics force fields. mesoscale simulation » visualizes the pattern formation aspects related to materials science. This includes activities on solidification in multicomponent alloys, kinetics of phase transformations, dislocations and cracks, friction, and the modeling of polycrystalline materials, phenomena appearing on dimensions between the atomic and continuum scales. continuum simulation » incorporates calculated smaller-length scale quantities (e g yield stress, chemical reaction pathways) into continuum models. Through the use of arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian codes, the software evaluates sensitivity and impact of these fundamental quantities at the continuum length scale. All these calculations are accompanied by templates, models, attributes, schemes, configuration, parameterization, and non-mathematical based factual approaches inside e g Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Electro-science %amp; Electronics, Physics etc where e g bacteria, cell-membranes, mitocondria and proteins enter the stage.
Schematic view of design steps and intrinsic constraints to scibase math areas or levels covered by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator

Bi-projectional (sideways & top-down) views of scibase math areas or levels covered by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator

More detailed time- & length scale view of scibase math areas or levels coverage by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator (image by courtesy of M. Stan, Materials Today)

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CatELab-APS/e3 research software

CatELab-APS/e3 = Catalyst ELaborator - Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis Initiative Software/ (for) energy-ecology-economy (resilient solutions) Good reasons all week long to pick our research software tool: • 1 » CatELab-APS/e3 is a set of conceptual blueprint outlines embracing artificial photosyn-thesis principles and their industrial applications. • 2 » CatELab-APS/e3 is an omnipotent tool for describing any scientific reality - defining factual models, correlations, templates, input and desired output - and hence simulating on any scientific interrelations of physical, chemical, biological, electrical, or other nature, also intercombined. • 3 » The core component is a database and a limitless, seamless search utility which saves and presents search results as multidimensional arrays and graphical elements. The search utility is filtered through a "reactor" which applies models, templates etc, and which enables simulating entities and all inherent components and produc-tion environments of APS-processes. Comprehen-sible to anyone - scientist or other colleague at your company or research institute - an encapsu-lated universe of any studied and simulated correlation is extracted. • 4 » The scientific data are structured as star schemes in the database - a fact-data core with an unlimited number of attaching data attribute dimensions - from file imports, manual editing, remote databases or datasets, and scientific hard facts, product release data, models, templates, etc. • 5 » Its predecessor has been used in contexts like taxation & audit, business intelligence & data warehouse, and bio-medicine & other bio-/life-sciences, demonstrating its all-round versatility and flexibility. • 6 » This tool constitutes the indispensable companion to any institutional and laboratory experimental work, eliminating or cutting needs for costly equipment, housing, staffing, material, and substances to a bare minimum. • 7 » It is also essential for the design and construction of various energy or fuel producing enterprises, breaking down operations into ever more detailed and yet holistically fully discernible and surveyable hierarchies. Thereby turning an otherwise often tricky project planning, accomp-lishment, and follow-up into sheer pleasure - not to forget every good reason associated with gene-rating, administering, and utilizing well-structured documentation on any level.
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Contact Us for a CatELab-APS/e3 tryout!

FleXray Anylyzer utility software
FleXray Anylyzer is a disruptive epIQ utility software for analyzing anything, any way. This omnifarious & omnipotent utlility is integrated into the Important Facts & Docs section. Its functionality can be applied to any data coming in any type from any source. Check it out to experience its ground-breaking, limitless possibilities! (the analyze functionality portion of this utility is available to FleXray subscribers and to CatELab licensees. Contact us for a demo and for additional information.)
This utility is developed by us as a stand-alone software package easily integrable onto any set of information source - documents, calculation sheets, videos, audios, photos, graphics, animations, databases, webplaces, maps ... whatever -- No "Big-Data"... c) : Works with any document format ... any video format ... any image format ... any raw data streaming in from anywhere, auto-structured by the reader function into crystal clear data and analyzed to your every need of clarity. So check it out and experience a new world of perceiving and dealing with... anything really... right at your fingertips, coming alive at your excited feet! This will turn you into a big-time juggler in total control - intuitively and with no effort. Stay tuned 4 addons!
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about all of Us
» About Us humans » Our community constitutes the sum of us individuals, and the decisions we all took and take. Therefore society gets neither better nor worse than the sum of each person's contribution, where eliminating the (good or bad) influence of external powers. » We humans have a propensity of downplaying problems, romanticizing images, and delaying decisions. The bigger the problem, the more dangerous can the result of this be. Usually an accident should happen first, before anything is done. The more important decision, the worse the consequence from time catching up and overtaking. » It is thus important to objectively and soberly evaluate the present and impending climate situation and take the right decision. » If we await the outcome of the scenarios that environmental scientists have identified and presented, then the wanness of second thought and reflection will not be a pretty sight - a wanness as white as death... » For reflection will be of no use - as the usefulness of that experience never comes into play because the game is over, the season is over, the series is discontinued. Who can approve of the situation when no one can approve of the situation? » We can, all of us, by making that reflecting already today and arrive at the right decision. » A metaphorical comparison: unambiguous research on human anatomical development shows that our hands (especially the length of our thumbs) have changed radically over two million years as a result of our use of tools - not as an adaptation to the environment. » Likewise: if we want to change our living conditions, we should do something about themnot only try to adapt ourselves to them. Don't we all agree on that we'd best prevent a catastrophy? Unneeding to flee like rats - with nowhere to go? please state your member no.* & name/alias in all communication with us*

about You
» About You » Stop hesitating, stop doubting - believe in the possibilities, get involved and coalesce for the future today. » You set the wheels in motion, not "somebody else"... » You have enough intelligence, curiosity, maturity, self respect, honor & moral courage for - and Your heart in - getting the picture, assessing the situation, taking a standpoint, putting the foot down, being a fellow human, manifesting, impacting... » Help us help us all by teaming up. Help in denying deniers' disinformation. » Help us build values & make decisions founded on knowledge. » Tag words: non-resignation, non-despair, non-inertia, proactivity, insight, confidence... please state your member no.* & name/alias in all communication with us*

about Acwareus
» About us at Acwareus.com »We're a bunch of optimistic realists & die-hard Earth Club supporters. » On factual bases, we are convinced that the notion of information as an instrument of control is necessary and vastly superior to the societal ones: economy and politics as instruments of control (such as taxes & ETS - emissions trading, and election campaigns & party congresses, respectively - and in some cases corruption). Because information nourishes a consensus between consumer and producer - a market built on cognition. » We hope that our intentions shall not be shaded by possible premature expectations - you will help fulfil those yourself. » Our passion: We strive towards making *Acwareus.com* the obvious portal, information source, and meeting spot for all questions concerning long-term energy-ecology-economy (e3) solutions. » Nowhere else can you find purposefully compiled this amount of relevant, high-quality information anchored in such underlying skills. » All our documentation, newsletters, graphs, tables and facts regardless of shape are source-referenced and copyright-free ("open source"), no wikileaks involved here. We must have gone through pyramids of source material, and we will go through several more. »To the utmost of our ability, we are working on a non-profit basis. Therefore we will refund to the equity-holders no less than ALL of the annual revenue from advertising and sponsorships minus taxes and prime costs* » (Possibly conditioned) donations are put in foundations for in-house and others' actions in the field. » Equities are redeemed on a rolling basis (see "Equity Model" in the menu). Net proceeds will undiminutedly go to PR, promotion, marketing, kickback-free market lobbying, and to our foundation. *Remuneration for in-house developing of software & data bank, research cost, member support, and possible travels, all in the line of duty » Our background: » Our team is managed by a Swedish senior IT web developer, database expert, technical writer & tech freak - long-standing entrepreneur, trained in Environment and Sustainable Energy Systems, and in Environmental Impact Assessment at LTH – the polytechnical college of Lund, a part of Lund University. The team is also staffed by and cooperates with expert competence on chemistry, biology, multi-physics, energy, ecology & environmental sciences, economy, and marketing. »View our appeal to US Democrats during the presidential (re-)election campaign of 2012. All the Best to You from Us who call this planet Home. please state your member no.* & name/alias in all communication with us*

about ...This (website)
» About ...This (website) » This website intends to break off the ever growing branch of mischief harming the community of website creative and serious desgners. Founding a website on e.g Github templates or editing a rudimentary layout in Wordpress, locking the end user up in an endless maze of reloaded, wall-to-wall screen-covering forms, then putting your name on this mess and invoicing the customer a factor ten- or twenty-fold the development cost, implies a both (extremely) boring, predictable, uniform and malfunctional result which in fact even the least apt among the customer's own staff could have achieved. » Our website's visual, functional and technical design wishes to break off this blatantly irresponsible and often fraudulent sign-of-the-times as all to often presented by the IT development community of today. In many respects, it WAS better in the past. In other respects, the customer perceived value needed to improve and break new terrain. Our website represents radically improved customer value, end-user conceived feasibility, extended functionality, and supremely visually and conceptually lucid design. Delve into the details here: » » . . . » . . . please state your member no.* & name/alias in all communication with us*

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