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The following material is compiled chiefly from Wikipedia. A more complete, lucid, to-the-point and yet comparatively concise material is probably nowhere to be found. Impressive.
Where we deem enhancing or emphasizing certain sections of it, we have completed (in line with Wikipedia terms of usage) it with material of our own or of other origin. Searching Wikipedia for "Carbon Capture and Recycling" or "Carbon Capture and Utilization" (or any subset or alternative thereof) will i.a. render the below portrayal of Carbon-neutral fuels — albeit, as said, modified at places. Enjoy!

Carbon-neutral fuels can refer to a variety of energy fuels or energy systems which have no net greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint. One class is synthetic fuel (including methane, gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel or ammonia^[1]) produced from sustainable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater. Other types can be produced from renewable energy sources such as wind turbines, solar panels, and hydroelectric power stations.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Such fuels are potentially carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric & aquatic greenhouse gases.^[6]^[7] Until captured carbon is used for plastics feedstock, carbon neutral fuel synthesis is the primary means of carbon capture and utilization or recycling.^[8]

To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere & from sea water, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Such power to gas carbon-neutral and carbon-negative fuels can be produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional fuels for transportation or heating.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Carbon-neutral fuels are used in Germany and Iceland for distributed storage of renewable energy, minimizing problems of wind and solar intermittency, and enabling transmission of wind, water, and solar power through existing natural gas pipelines. Such renewable fuels could alleviate the costs and dependency issues of imported fossil fuels without requiring either electrification of the vehicle fleet or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels, enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles.^[13] A 250 kilowatt synthetic methane plant has been built in Germany and it is being scaled up to 10 megawatts.^[16]

1 Production
2 Sources of carbon for recycling
3 Renewable and nuclear energy costs
4 Demonstration projects and commercial development
5 Greenhouse gas remediation
6 Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Production

Carbon-neutral fuels are synthetic hydrocarbons. They can be produced in chemical reactions between carbon dioxide, which can be captured from power plants, from the sea or the air, and hydrogen, which is created by the electrolysis of water using renewable energy. The fuel, often referred to as electrofuel, stores the energy that was used in the production of the hydrogen.^[17] Coal can also be used to produce the hydrogen, but that would not be a carbon-neutral source. Carbon dioxide can be captured and buried, making fossil fuels carbon-neutral, although not renewable. Carbon capture from exhaust gas can make carbon-neutral fuels carbon negative. Other hydrocarbons can be broken down to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide which could then be stored while the hydrogen is used for energy or fuel, which would also be carbon-neutral.^[18]

The most energy-efficient fuel to produce is hydrogen gas,^[19] which can be used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and which requires the fewest process steps to produce.

Methanol can be made from a chemical reaction of a carbon-dioxide molecule with three hydrogen molecules to produce methanol and water. The stored energy can be recovered by burning the methanol in a combustion engine, releasing carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Methane can be produced in a similar reaction. Special precautions against methane leaks are important since methane is nearly 100 times as potent as CO2, in terms of Global warming potential.^{[citation needed]} More energy can be used to combine methanol or methane into larger hydrocarbon fuel molecules.^[13]

Researchers have also suggested using methanol to produce dimethyl ether. This fuel could be used as a substitute for diesel fuel due to its ability to self ignite under high pressure and temperature. It is already being used in some areas for heating and energy generation. It is nontoxic, but must be stored under pressure.^[20] Larger hydrocarbons^[19] and ethanol^[21] can also be produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

All synthetic hydrocarbons are generally produced at temperatures of 200–300 °C, and at pressures of 20 to 50 bar. Catalysts are usually used to improve the efficiency of the reaction and create the desired type of hydrocarbon fuel. Such reactions are exothermic and use about 3 mol of hydrogen per mole of carbon dioxide involved. They also produce large amounts of water as a byproduct.^[2]

Sources of carbon for recycling

The most economical source of carbon for recycling into fuel is flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion where it can be obtained for about USD $7.50 per ton.^[4]^[7]^[14] Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been seen as economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting.^[22] Since carbonic acid in seawater is in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied.^[23]^[24] Researchers have estimated that carbon extraction from seawater would cost about $50 per ton.^[5] Carbon capture from ambient air is more costly, at between $600 and $1000 per ton and is considered impractical for fuel synthesis or carbon sequestration.^[7]^[9] Direct air capture is less developed than other methods. Proposals for this method involve using a caustic chemical to react with carbon dioxide in the air to produce carbonates. These can then be broken down and hydrated to release pure CO₂ gas and regenerate the caustic chemical. This process requires more energy than other methods because carbon dioxide is at much lower concentrations in the atmosphere than in other sources.^[13]

Researchers have also suggested using biomass as a carbon source for fuel production. Adding hydrogen to the biomass would reduce its carbon to produce fuel. This method has the advantage of using plant matter to cheaply capture carbon dioxide. The plants also add some chemical energy to the fuel from biological molecules. This may be a more efficient use of biomass than conventional biofuel because it uses most of the carbon and chemical energy from the biomass instead of releasing as much energy and carbon. Its main disadvantage is, as with conventional ethanol production, it competes with food production.^[2]

Renewable and nuclear energy costs

Nighttime wind power is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the load curve for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative. Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas of the U.S. averaged 1.64 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2009, but only 0.71 cents/kWh during the least expensive six hours of the day.^[13] Typically, wholesale electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day.^[25] Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce gasoline for less than petroleum fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel.^[26]

The U.S. Navy estimates that 100 megawatts of electricity can produce 41,000 gallons of jet fuel per day and shipboard production from nuclear power would cost about $6 per gallon. While that was about twice the petroleum fuel cost in 2010, it is expected to be much less than the market price in less than five years if recent trends continue. Moreover, since the delivery of fuel to a carrier battle group costs about $8 per gallon, shipboard production is already much less expensive.^[27]

Demonstration projects and commercial development

A 250 kilowatt methane synthesis plant was constructed by the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) at Baden-Württemberg and the Fraunhofer Society in Germany and began operating in 2010. It is being upgraded to 10 megawatts, scheduled for completion in autumn, 2012.^[28]^[29]

The George Olah carbon dioxide recycling plant operated by Carbon Recycling International in Grindavík, Iceland has been producing 2 million liters of methanol transportation fuel per year from flue exhaust of the Svartsengi Power Station since 2011.^[30] It has the capacity to produce 5 million liters per year.^[31]

Audi has constructed a carbon-neutral liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Werlte, Germany.^[32] The plant is intended to produce transportation fuel to offset LNG used in their A3 Sportback g-tron automobiles, and can keep 2,800 metric tons of CO₂ out of the environment per year at its initial capacity.^[33]

Commercial developments are taking place in Columbia, South Carolina,^[34] Camarillo, California,^[35] and Darlington, England.^[36] A demonstration project in Berkeley, California proposes synthesizing both fuels and food oils from recovered flue gases.^[37]

Greenhouse gas remediation

Carbon-neutral fuels might lead to greenhouse gas remediation because carbon dioxide gas would be reused to produce fuel instead of being released into the atmosphere. Capturing the carbon dioxide in flue gas emissions from power plants would eliminate their greenhouse gas emissions, although burning the fuel in vehicles would release that carbon because there is no economical way to capture those emissions.^[13] This approach would reduce net carbon dioxide emission by about 50% if it were used on all fossil fuel power plants. Most coal and natural gas power plants have been predicted to be economically retrofittable with carbon dioxide scrubbers for carbon capture to recycle flue exhaust or for carbon sequestration.^[38]^[7]^[10] Such recycling is expected to not only cost less than the excess economic impacts of climate change if it were not done, but also to pay for itself as global fuel demand growth and peak oil shortages increase the price of petroleum and fungible natural gas.^[9]^[11]

Capturing CO₂ directly from the air or extracting carbonic acid from seawater would also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment, and create a closed cycle of carbon to eliminate new carbon dioxide emissions.^[2] Use of these methods would eliminate the need for fossil fuels entirely, assuming that enough renewable energy could be generated to produce the fuel. Using synthetic hydrocarbons to produce synthetic materials such as plastics could result in permanent sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere.^[13]

Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol

Some authorities have recommended producing methanol instead of traditional transportation fuels. It is a liquid at normal temperatures and can be toxic if ingested. Methanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline but a lower energy density, and can be mixed with other fuels or used on its own. It may also be used in the production of more complex hydrocarbons and polymers. Direct methanol fuel cells have been developed by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to convert methanol and oxygen into electricity.^[20] It is possible to convert methanol into gasoline, jet fuel or other hydrocarbons, but that requires additional energy and more complex production facilities.^[13] Methanol is slightly more corrosive than traditional fuels, requiring automobile modifications on the order of USD $100 each to use it.^[2]^[39]

In 2016, a method using carbon spikes, copper nanoparticles and nitrogen that converts carbon dioxide to ethanol was developed.^[40]

History

Investigation of carbon-neutral fuels has been ongoing for decades. A 1965 report suggested synthesizing methanol from carbon dioxide in air using nuclear power for a mobile fuel depot.^[41] Shipboard production of synthetic fuel using nuclear power was studied in 1977 and 1995.^[42]^[43] A 1984 report studied the recovery of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel plants.^[44] A 1995 report compared converting vehicle fleets for the use of carbon-neutral methanol with the further synthesis of gasoline.^[39]

External links

Doty Windfuels (Columbia, South Carolina)
Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd. (Stockton-on-Tees, UK)
CoolPlanet Energy Systems (Camarillo, California)
Cost Model for US Navy Zero Carbon Nuclear Synfuel Process spreadsheet by John Morgan (January 2013; source)
Interview with Kathy Lewis of the US Naval Research Laboratory

[1] Jump up ^ Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas

[Zeman2008-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366: 3901–18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Wang2012-3] Jump up ^ Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703–27. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. Retrieved July 6, 2013. (Review.)

[MacDowell2010-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645–69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Eisaman2012-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis" (PDF). Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346–52. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Retrieved July 6, 2013.

[Graves2011rev-6] Jump up ^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)

[Socolow2011-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Socolow, Robert; et al. (June 1, 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[8] Jump up ^ Conference on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Chemistry and Polymers (Essen, Germany, October 10–11, 2012; post-conference program)

[Goeppert2012-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Prakash, G.K. Surya; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO₂ capture from the atmosphere". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (7): 7833–53. doi:10.1039/C2EE21586A. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[House2011-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b House, K.Z.; Baclig, A.C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E.A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H.J. (2011). "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO₂ from ambient air" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51): 20428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012253108. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[12] Jump up ^ Kothandaraman, Jotheeswari; Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Olah, George A.; Prakash, G. K. Surya (2016-01-27). "Conversion of CO2 from Air into Methanol Using a Polyamine and a Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (3): 778–781. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b12354.

[Pearson2012-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pearson, R.J.; Eisaman, M.D.; et al. (2012). "Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO₂, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 (2): 440–60. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Pennline2010-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pennline, Henry W.; et al. (2010). "Separation of CO₂ from flue gas using electrochemical cells". Fuel. 89 (6): 1307–14. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.036.

[Graves2011cells-15] Jump up ^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens (2011). "Co-electrolysis of CO₂ and H₂O in solid oxide cells: Performance and durability". Solid State Ionics. 192 (1): 398–403. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.06.014.

[16] Jump up ^ Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (May 5, 2010). "Storing green electricity as natural gas". fraunhofer.de. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[Pearson-17] Jump up ^ Pearson, Richard; Eisaman (2011). "Energy Storage Via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From Carbon dioxide, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100: 440–460. doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2168369. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

[Kleiner-18] Jump up ^ Kleiner, kurt (17 January 2009). "Carbon Neutral Fuel; a new approach". The Globe and Mail: F4. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[ubaposition-19] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Integration of Power to Gas/Power to Liquids into the ongoing transformation process" (PDF). June 2016. p. 12. Retrieved August 10, 2017.

[Olah-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b Olah, George; Alain Geoppert; G. K. Surya Prakash (2009). "Chemical recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Dimethyl Ether: From Greenhouse Gas to Renewable, Environmentally Carbon Neutral Fuels and Synthetic Hydrocarbons". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 74 (2): 487–98. PMID 19063591. doi:10.1021/jo801260f. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[21] Jump up ^ http://www.lanzatech.com/innovation/technical-overview/

[Musadi2011-22] Jump up ^ Musadi, M.R.; Martin, P.; Garforth, A.; Mann, R. (2011). "Carbon neutral gasoline re-synthesised from on-board sequestrated CO₂" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Transactions. 24: 1525–30. doi:10.3303/CET1124255. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[23] Jump up ^ DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010). Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 – Initial Feasibility Studies (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[Willauer2011-24] Jump up ^ Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011). Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 – Laboratory Scaling Studies (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[25] Jump up ^ Electricity Price NewFuelist.com (compare to off-peak wind power price graph.) Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[26] Jump up ^ Holte, Laura L.; Doty, Glenn N.; McCree, David L.; Doty, Judy M.; Doty, F. David (2010). Sustainable Transportation Fuels From Off-peak Wind Energy, CO₂ and Water (PDF). 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, May 17–22, 2010. Phoenix, Arizona: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[jetsea-27] Jump up ^ Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Williams, Frederick W. (September 29, 2010). Feasibility and Current Estimated Capital Costs of Producing Jet Fuel at Sea (PDF) (memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[28] Jump up ^ Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (2011). "Verbundprojekt 'Power-to-Gas'" (in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[29] Jump up ^ Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (July 24, 2012). "Bundesumweltminister Altmaier und Ministerpräsident Kretschmann zeigen sich beeindruckt von Power-to-Gas-Anlage des ZSW" (in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[30] Jump up ^ "George Olah CO2 to Renewable Methanol Plant, Reykjanes, Iceland" (Chemicals-Technology.com)

[31] Jump up ^ "First Commercial Plant" Archived February 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (Carbon Recycling International)

[32] Jump up ^ Okulski, Travis (June 26, 2012). "Audi's Carbon Neutral E-Gas Is Real And They're Actually Making It". Jalopnik (Gawker Media). Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[33] Jump up ^ Rousseau, Steve (June 25, 2013). "Audi's New E-Gas Plant Will Make Carbon-Neutral Fuel". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[34] Jump up ^ Doty Windfuels

[35] Jump up ^ CoolPlanet Energy Systems

[36] Jump up ^ Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd.

[37] Jump up ^ Kiverdi, Inc. (September 5, 2012). "Kiverdi Receives Energy Commission Funding for Its Pioneering Carbon Conversion Platform" (press release). Retrieved September 12, 2012.

[38] Jump up ^ DiPietro, Phil; Nichols, Chris; Marquis, Michael (January 2011). Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States: Examination of the Costs of Retrofitting with CO₂ Capture Technology, Revision 3 (PDF) (report NETL-402/102309). National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. DOE contract DE-AC26-04NT41817. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[Steinberg1995-39] Jump up to: ^a ^b Steinberg, Meyer (August 1995). The Carnol Process for CO₂ Mitigation from Power Plants and the Transportation Sector (PDF) (informal report BNL–62110). Upton, New York: Department of Advanced Technology, Brookhaven National Laboratory. (Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH00016). Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[CO2_to_ethanol-40] Jump up ^ Johnston, Ian (2016-10-19). "Scientists accidentally turn pollution into renewable energy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2016-10-19.

[41] Jump up ^ Beller, M.; Steinberg, M. (November 1965). Liquid fuel synthesis using nuclear power in a mobile energy depot system (research report BNL 955 / T–396). Upton, New York: Brookhaven National Laboratory, under contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. (General, Miscellaneous, and Progress Reports — TID–4500, 46th Ed.). Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[42] Jump up ^ Bushore, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Robin Paul (May 1977). Synthetic Fuel Generation Capabilities of Nuclear Power Plants with Applications to Naval Ship Technology (M.Sc. thesis). Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[43] Jump up ^ Terry, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Kevin B. (June 1995). Synthetic Fuels for Naval Applications Produced Using Shipboard Nuclear Power (PDF) (M.Sc. thesis). Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

[44] Jump up ^ Steinberg, M.; et al. (1984). A Systems Study for the Removal, Recovery and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Power Plants in the U.S. (technical report DOE/CH/0016-2). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Carbon Dioxide Research Division. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

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	Vinster med artificiell fotosyntes
1.	reglering av atmosfärens halt av växthusgaser, vilka framför allt är koldioxid CO₂, metan CH₄ och lustgas (dikväveoxid) N₂O -- vattenånga H₂O är dock den effektivaste och samtidigt vanligast förekommande växthusgasen, vars halt påverkas framför allt av temperaturen (kallare hav avger mindre vattenånga, och tvärtom)
2.	återvinning och återanvändning av energi i form av elström, vätgas, kol, kolväten och alkoholer (se figuren ovan) alltefter marknadens efterfrågan
3.	drastisk minskning av olje- & gasutvinning samt kolbrytning från fossila källor - den kvarvarande oljan behövs inom andra viktiga områden inom överskådlig tid
4.	den fossila energi vi redan utvunnit och brutit ur fossila depåer blir vår vän för all framtid, i stället för vår fiende och baneman
5.	skövlingen av regnskogarna kan upphöra eftersom odling av energigrödor (t ex majs, soja och oljepalm) för tillverkning av fordonsetanol inte längre blir lönsam
6.	i takt med att olje-, gas- & koldepåerna minskar (oljan har redan "peakat") så ökar utvinningskostnaderna för oljebolagen, varvid recycling (återvinning & återanvändning) av växthusgaser genom regenerering av kolväten och andra bränslen blir mera lönsam
7.	det blir möjligt att fullt ut utnyttja befintlig infrastruktur i form av pipelines, hamnar och raffinaderianläggningar som successivt utnyttjas allt mindre p g a den fossila utvinningens tilltagande olönsamhet, vilket kan minimera nya investeringskostnader
8.	det bör gå snabbt att bygga prototyper och pilotanläggningar eftersom alla tillgängliga forskningsresultat redan ligger där som rena blueprints för hugade entreprenörer att börja bygga efter - i skrivande stund (sep/2012) har nyheten kommit om Panasonic som de första att bygga en prototypanläggning Läs mer: Framtidens globala drivmedels- & glokala energi-lösningar How Artificial Photosynthesis Works Photochemical carbon dioxide reduction The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) Artificial Photosynthesis II Lunds universitet/ Att härma växterna för framtida energiförsörjning Miljöstyrningsrådet/ Konstgjord fotosyntes har potential Svensk Leverantörstidning/ Viktigt genombrott för förnyelsebara energikällor

	Konsekvenserna av global uppvärmning
1.	Antarktis shelf-isar smälter redan. Dessa utgör det enda hindret som håller tillbaks Antarktis flera km tjocka landisar från att kana ut i havet. Arkeologer har presenterat bevis för att det tidigare i jordens historia har skett en uppvärmning till den nivå där Antarktis shelf-isar smält bort och inte kunnat hålla emot, med en abrupt havsnivåhöjning på 50 - 60 meter som följd. Så förväntas också komma att ske i det kommande. När stora ismassor vräker sig ut i havet kommer tsunamis av enorm höjd och vågbredd (både i utbrednings-riktningen och transversellt) att skapas
2.	All världens glaciärer (Grönland, Patagonien, Alaska, Alperna, New Zealand Southern Alps) har redan smält av till viss del, men av resterande ismassor motsvarar vattenekvivalenten i enbart Grönlandsisen en havsnivåhöjning på 6 - 8 meter. Som jämförelse anger en del forskare att havsnivåhöjningen sedan 1820 ligger på 20 cm, medan forskare som utgått från höjdmärken daterade till början av 1700-talet anger höjningen till 70-80 cm; därom tvista de lärde. Arktis avsmältning påverkar f ö inte havsnivån eftersom den ismassan helt ligger i havet och där tränger undan havsvatten motsvarande sin egen vikt (i enlighet med Archimedes princip)
3.	Isavsmältningen i den norra hemisfären bromsar redan nu Golfströmmen och kommer ytterligare att försvaga den framöver. Världshavens alla havsströmmar kommer att förändras vilket påverkar inte bara djurlivet utan nya väder- fenomen kan också uppstå - orkaner med allt högre vindstyrkor och nya banor är prognosticerade att ödelägga och översvämma områden allt längre norrut - bl a New York, Tokyo och Shanghai kan drabbas frekvent. Också nederbördens fördelning kommer att påverkas än mer än redan hittills, med ännu mer inlandsöversvämningar resp torka som följd. En stor del den tillkommande koldioxiden absorberas av hav och sjöar, med ökad försurning och fiskdöd som följd - vattnet som djur och växter ska leva i liknar mer och mer vichyvatten! Ifall även de blå-gröna algerna påverkas negativt är livet på jorden i fara eftersom de algerna står för 80% av syreproduktionen ut till atmosfären
4.	En stor del av stads-, landsorts- och lantbefolkningen i och runt mer än två tredjedelar av världens större städer kommer att få fly från att dränkas som råttor. Fullständig anarki kommer att bryta ut, och begreppet enskilt ägande kommer inte längre att ha någon innebörd. Här gäller bara djungelns lag - äta eller ätas - och bara de starkaste och mest skrupellösa, beväpnade eller galna individerna överlever
5.	All infrastruktur som på något sätt har koppling till översvämmade områden kommer att bli oanvändbar. På detta sätt kommer inter-kontinentala transporter likaväl som intrakontinentala och inomnationella transportnät att helt bryta samman. Massvält och brist på eller avsaknad av i princip allt blir troligen följden
6.	De finansiella och monetära systemen brakar ihop på ett tidigt skede. Försäkringsbolag vill inte försäkra egendom, banker vill inte låna ut till bostäder som snart kan bli värdelösa eller i förlängningen övertagna eller demolerade av utomstående. Eftersom pengar slutligen blir värdelösa kan den som inte kan idka byteshandel heller inte få tag på mat, tak över huvudet, värme och medicin till sin familj
7.	Politiker varken inom EU eller i något annat land eller samarbetsorgan kommer att kunna göra något eftersom alltför få kommer att vilja göra något - de som vill göra något kommer att motarbetas av dem som tjänar sitt levebröd (och en del av dem fyller sina fickor) på det rådande systemet. Finanssystemet borde ställa sig på tå så snart det får vittring på nya och hittills oanade affärsmöjligheter. Dock så har de dock nog dessvärre bränt sitt bästa krut i och med finanskrisen 2008 (and counting), EMU-krisen som eskalerar till en EU-kris, låg soliditet och pyramidspelsliknande, ihåliga och fiktiva bankvärden, samt statliga budgetunderskott och låneberoenden av kineserna (som startar ett nytt kolkraftverk per vecka... och vill ändra på ing-en-ting) Läs mer: Konsekvenserna av global uppvärmning Global Sea Level Rise Map Världssituationen just nu Sternrapporten – en genomgripande analys av klimatförändringens ekonomi Flashback Forum/ Vad är styrmedel ? Al Gore/ En obekväm sanning

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	CatELab-APS/e3		in real life the only responsible solutions


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APS/e3 konceptskisser
APS - artificiell fotosyntes som konceptskiss resp tillämpning: Vår vision om framtidens globala drivmedels- & glokala energi-lösningar


Vår vision om framtidens klimat & energi tillämpad genom våra lösningar !

	« Läs mer »

Production

Sources of carbon for recycling

Renewable and nuclear energy costs

Demonstration projects and commercial development

Greenhouse gas remediation

Traditional fuels, methanol or ethanol

History

See also

Further reading

External links

Contents

Overview

Metrics

Comparison to aqueous amine absorbents

Advantages

Disadvantages

Physical adsorbents

Zeolites

Metal-organic frameworks

Chemical adsorbents

Amine impregnated solids

	What Can replace 5000 Million tons of fossil Oil per year? What Can replace 9000 Million tons of fossil Coal per year? What Can replace 4000 Billion cubic meters of fossil Gases? What Can replace them all by Clean, Cheap, Renewable Energy? Trash Can. Or Fossil Waste. Combustion Waste is a Resource To Us, it's a Precious Resource A Clean and Resilient Resource Recycled, an Eternal Resource Our World can Run on Waste. Power Plant Waste Industrial Waste Your Car Waste Everybody's Waste Don't Waste Your Energy.	x o
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<	Regardless of compound, Carbon (like in dioxide) is Energy Energy is not destructible, Energy is just transformable Make Use of Your Energy, Retransform Your Energy Don't Waste Your Energy, Recycle Your Waste Gases	x o
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<	Make fossil Waste Transmute into Clean Fuels Make fossil Waste a Renewable Energy Turn fossil Waste into a Present from the Past Turn fossil Waste into Friends for Ever to Last Save the Ocean and Lake Life from Dying. Make the World Secure against Drowning. As Walking in Circles means "Progress" Age of Reason long Past and far Gone As those ones we Trusted all Fail The Most Provident Camp Will Prevail Invest in or Sponsor Today "The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge " — Stephen Hawking	x o
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<	@ <3 vill vi åstadkomma detta: 1. Absorbera atmosfärisk & skorstens-emitterad CO2 (Carbon Capture) -> ... - Återanvända (Reuse) Kol-delen (CCR) JA ! - Lagra (Store/Sequester) CO2 (CCS) NEJ !! - Sänka temperaturer och därmed havsnivåer - Stabilisera, sedan sänka havs & sjöar försurning * - Försörja med ren, billig, riklig, hållbar energi 2. Absorbera atmosfärisk CH4, metan -> ... - Återanvända direkt som (L)NG, naturgas - Konvertera till andra kolväten 3. Rensa bort plastavfall från haven -> ... *- Reparera näringskedjor & habitat ( kombinerat med CCR-initiativ) - Rädda biologisk mångfald & populationer 4. Avsalta havsvatten (solenergi-driven) -> ... - Tillhandahålla dricksvatten i överflöd - Bevattna åkermark (mineralfritt liksom regn) - Stoppa & backa ökenutbredning 5. Partikelfilter på skorstenar, brännare, lastbilar, fartyg etc -> ... - Eliminera nedsmutsade glaciär- & polaris-ytor - (Ytors absorption av solljus snabbar på avsmältningen) - Avgifta bergsglacialt (floders) dricks- & bevattningsvatten - Förhindra jordskred och därigenom ge återskapa vegetationen**	x o
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<	Our operational objectives: • sustainable energy - climate - economy solutions • atmospheric & aquatic compound balance restoration • climate regulation by recycling fossil fuel waste • energy regeneration from greenhouse gases • computer based molecular simulation & biomimetics • catalyst elaboration research software • atmospheric & aquatic carbonic waste reprocessing utilitarian software We could never permanently remove atmospheric and aquatic CO2 & other greenhouse gases -- We must balance their levels & reuse them, by recycling their intrinsic energy over and over again! " People think you're crazy if you talk about things they don't understand " — Elvis Presley	x o
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<	ACWAREUS CES is developing a unique software-based scientific tool for the development of molecules functioning as catalysts in applied artificial photosynthesis, which can be tailored to produce various hydrocarbon* fuels, out of high volume flows of atmospheric & aquatic greenhouse gases at normal pressures and temperatures, as well as out of fumes or carbon-separated* greenhouse gases from power plants & industry (CCR model). * Ethane and methane (natural gas), DME, butane, propane and heavier gases, methanol, ethanol and other alcohols, trimetypentan, hexadecane and various blends of gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, etc., and other products such as ethylene & plastics, waxes, medicines, synthetic rubber, etc. CO2, CO, CH4 (methane), N2O ("laughing-gas"), H2O (water vapor), O3 (ozone), etc * excepting subsequent deposition as in the CCS model " And those who were seen dancing were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music " — Friedrich Nietzsche	x o
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<	Our software tool uses templates and science data to calculate the costs and outflows due to the inflow volume, the composition of the inflow gases, their pressure and temperature, and the selection of active catalyst. Our software also calibrates connected infrastructure (existing pipelines, ports, refineries, repositories, railways, highways and the expansion needs of those) and assesses geographically suitable locations based on available natural resources (sunshine, sea/lake water, possibly wind) and demographic, political, security and terrain-contingent considerations. " Many are those who profess, many are those who profiteer " — our own Renewables Industry assessment	x o
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<	We Know how to Rewind Climate Change by Producing Resource Resilient Fuels thru Recycling Energy out of Greenhouse Gases applying our Atmospheric & Aquatic Carbonic Waste Reprocessing Utilitarian Software Hindsight is an exact science, probably the most precise of all — the hind-site, the fore-site Join this rescue endeavor into our Place in Space that we call Home.	x o
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	NEW FUNCS & NEWSREEL 2017-08-06 » New section: Solutions & Product Concepts section. Feel enticed to get back to us with proposals, feedback and questions on this new section . Remember - Fantasy is tightly connected to Reality. Big Dreams always come true! 2016-11-27 » Acwareus new blog: Acwareus Wordpress Blog. Feel super welcome to post any comment, feedback or question in this new blog - our hope is that we shall build on this together. Say what You think - out loud! 2016-02-01 » Breaking news: Turning air into fuel: USC scientists convert carbon dioxide into methanol - super-efficiently and at lower temperatures. https://news.usc.edu/91297/turning-air-into-fuel-usc-scientists-turn-carbon-dioxide-into-methanol/ Today a report was issued from USC - University of Southern California - evidencing that atmospheric carbondioxide succesfully had been captured and recycled into methanol at temperatures between just 125 - 145 centigrades (Celsius scale). However slightly unfavorable their estimated full-scale facility production cost turned out in comparison with the currently minimal oil product prices, there is a clear trend pointing in the direction of more and more laboratories and scientists determinably and successfully endeavoring into the hunt for GHG (greenhouse gas) conversion into clean fuels. This implies that the time when new markets for those new products will emerge may be here sooner than expected. Our vision and our business aim is steadfast: we mean to help procure the world's energy producers with an arsenal of techniques to produce clean, cheap fuels at low costs, simultaneously turning what is slowly killing us all into profitable merchandise, instead miraculously beneficial to us all. Our CatELab-APS/e3 software will enable the elaboration of catalysts suitable for various conditions and applications: diluted atmospheric and seawater-dissolved GHGs at various temperatures and at normal atmospheric - aquatic pressures; aquatic GHGs dissolved in sea water; concentrated car exhaust outlet GHGs at high temperatures and elevated gas pressure (compare with today's nitrogen transforming catalytic converters, mandatory underneath every modern car); concentrated industry and power plant smokestack GHGs at reduced temperatures and moderate pressure; any today not anticipated application dealing with any range of concentration, temperature and pressure. Also, of course adapted to the type of fuel the energy producer desires to output at any given facility or mobile catalytic converter setup. This implies that we have designed our software to work with any given combined level of those four production conditions, be they high or low, dense or diluted, hot or cold, respectively. At the very finish line we wish to - and we see no reason not to - be able to offer a software that can be managed in a simple way by non-scientist personnel, simply operated through intuitive web browser interface parameter calibrations of the anticipated transformation process input conditions as well as the desired outputs by turn. 2015-10-09 » New utility: FleXray Anylyzer! - Flexible X-ray Analyzer - an omnifarious & omnipotent utility software for analyzing anything, any way. This utlility is integrated into the Important Facts & Docs section. Its functionality can be applied to any data of any type, coming from any source. This utility is developed by us as a stand-alone software package easily integrable onto any set of information source - documents, calculation sheets, videos, audios, photos, graphics, animations, databases, webplaces, maps ... whatever -- No "Big-Data"... c) : Works with any document format ... any video format ... any image format ... any raw data streaming in from anywhere, auto-structured by the reader function into crystal clear data and analyzed meeting your every need of clarity. So check it out and experience a new world of perceiving and dealing with... anything really... right at your fingertips, coming alive at your excited feet! This will turn you into a big-time juggler in total control - intuitively and with no effort. (the analyze functionality portion of this utility is available to FleXray subscribers and to CatELab licensees. Contact us for a demo and for additional information.) Stay tuned 4 addons! 2015-06-11 » New section: Important Facts & Docs section. Note: The transform image propoperties template (shown on mouse-over resize image icon for an opened image) currently does not work well with Mozilla Firefox browser. Stay tuned for coming support input! Feel encouraged to get back to us with feedback on this new section - that's how we can best improve concept and quality as we roll out new addon functionality. Think big & Never miss a thing! 2015-03-05 » New section: FAQs & answers! Will continually be extended so peek in regularly. Also feel very welcome to mail us questions, answers to FAQ'd questions, ideas, viewpoints, feedback, suggestions, proposals, complaints, and of course :) credits. We intend shortly to hang up a bulletin board in order to post notices not categorized as news nor graffiti, but with the same content as described above but back to you members & viewers -- answers to your questions etc, feedback on your ideas etc. Some questions of yours may also end up as new FAQ items. Be back soon! 2015-02-28 » New section: Graffiti Board! Boasting thoughts, ideas, postures, whatever! that You members or Ourselves want to "debrief" or delve into. N.b: all entries are anonymous and will be scrutinized before accepted. Commonplace ethics apply (racism, foul language, etc). Postings accepted will be aired within 24 hrs. Sorting by day or by category and day (decided shortly). There is a simple entry pane at bottom of the Board for you to enter your texts, maximum of 1000 characters. For non-anon postings, discussion threads, answers, etc, please utilize our Blog function. You may of course refer to Board entries in a Blog posting, but not conversely. Complaints category entries on the Board will be conveyed to a Complaints-anon ticket in the Blog. Get your spray cans out!! 2015-02-26 » New section: New Funcs & Newsreel! more items coming up soon ...	x o

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	IMPORTANT FACTS & DOCS This section will be featuring a selection of facts that we've dug out and that You'll dig out all by Yourself. Cause it's fun and easy! You may comment on each document and supply links to your own documents - your private ones and those you wish to see public (upon our scrutiny). We'll boast a menu of available facts and documents enabling juggling those ones you've already opened. Our advanced cross-document, cross-web, cross-science database *FleXray Anylyzer* (re)search & analysis utility is herein integrated, enabling you to lay the most elaborate jigsaw-puzzles instantly all by yourself. Stay tuned! You'll find entirely new ways of dealing with facts, resulting in an "Einsten - Holmes" crossover capability eliminating that tedious and confusing computer work we've been fed for all to long. To hell with the old school canteen, say hello to a dining mall to your exclusive likings! Topics, among thousands upon thousands relevant ones out there, comprise e.g: • artificial photosynthesis • scenarios & consequences • major world cities • greenhouse gas sources • climate & energy • demography & population at risk • flooding maps (in new tab): flood.firetree.net & geology.com/sea-level-rise Information sources are uncountable & tough to juggle. Except right in here - So go find it all out 4 Yourself !!' more coming soon!	x o

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	OUR SOLUTIONS SECTION "One is compelled to save energy if one produces it in a dangerous manner, like we do now. But if not, I don't see any reason for us being compelled to save energy in the future" / Brian Cox, famous particle physicist, Manchester featuring » » solutions & product concepts » science & technology bases » CCR (Carbon Capture & Recycle) technologies » catalyst elaboration & simulation lab sets » atmospheric & aquatic waste energy recovery » industrial fuel & energy regenerators » vehicle shunt refuelling catalytic converters » CatELab-APS/e3 research, simulation & PRISM software » FleXray Anylyzer utility software » An Unprecedented Energy Investment Opportunity	x o
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			Vår vision om framtidens globala drivmedels- och glokala energi- lösningar
			Vår vision om framtidens klimat & energi tillämpad i våra lösningar !



	Utsläppskällor för växthusgaser
	Läs mer: Utsläppskällor för växthusgaser Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 Detailed Analysis of the Various Energy Markets 2012 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector IPCC - intergovernmental panel on climate change

Acwareus mission & vision
» Mission & vision » skapa opinion, och därigenom en efterfrågan som skapar en marknad för recycling (återvinning) av energi ur växthusgaser. » skapa ett aldrig sinande kretslopp från kolväte-baserade bränslen till växthusgaser tillbaka till kolvätebaserade bränslen igen och igen. » hjälpa företag tjäna pengar och samtidigt möjlig-göra en reglering av atmosfärens halt av växthus-gaser för att förhindra en total katastrof. » erbjuda forskare & marknadsaktörer konceptuella planritningar med verktyg för multi-fysik simulering & kemo-biologisk energiforskning.

Acwareus idé & incitament modell
» Idé & incitament » Du vill ha information och vill delta i en positiv klimat-/energiutveckling » bli (gratis) medlem i Acwareus » Stigande medlemsantal & målgruppsinriktad marknadsföring » intresse för att genom annonsering vilja synas här » Privatpersoner & andra investerare tror på stor marknadspåverkan & stark affärsutveckling » köp av equities med chans till hög ROI » Företag & andra organisationer samt privatpersoner vill profilera sig » sponsring & donation som en hjärtefråga och/eller för goodwill, publicitet, reklam & förmåner » Ökande hype, leasing av CatELab-APS/e3 verktyg för forskare & marknadsaktörer tar fart, märkbara konkurrensfördelar för annonsörer, sponsorer & övriga involverade, spridning via sociala medier & massmedial täckning ökar intresset » fler medlemmar som vill va med & få veta mer » Nytt varv med aggregerade antal medlemmar, annonsörer, equity-köpare, sponsorer & donatorer » insiktsspridning, efterfrågetryck, marknadspåverkan, affärsincitament o s v varv efter varv » Vid en viss punkt börjar verksamheten ge utdelning i termer av efterfrågetryck & marknadspåverkan » växande antal forskar-communities dedicerade mot olika APS/e3 lösningar, entreprenader för prototyping & piloting växer fram, positiva resultat lockar t ex oljebolag, och voilà - mission accomplished!

Acwareus equity modell
» Equities » Den årliga nettoavkastningen* är dels en grundpott som utgör hälften av fjorårets totala annons- och sponsorintäkter (frånräknat skatter och självkostnader), och dels en bonuspott* bildad av andra hälften. » Grundpotten fördelas på senaste årsskiftets totala antal equities (härefter "eqs") på sådant vis att värdet på varje helårsägd equity ("eq") årligen kan öka med upp till 50%, beroende på totalt antal sålda eqs. » Om antalet eqs i proportion till nettoavkasningen är så lågt att alla eqs tillsammans inte kan absorbera den del av nettoavkastningen som överstiger maxtaket, så buffras överskottet för att fördelas på equities kommande (ett eller flera) år då taket inte nåtts. » Efter samma princip fördelas också bonuspotten, till hälften på var femte (1 av 5) eq resp till hälften på var tjugonde (1 av 20) eq. » Exempel: om totala antalet eqs (à 10 SEK köpeskilling) är 1000 st och nettointäkterna (inkl ev uttag ur buffert) är 10.000 SEK eller mer (kvoten 1 till minst 10***) så blir det maxavkastning det året » 5000 SEK till grundpotten » 5000 / 1000 eqs » 5 SEK för varje eq, resp 5000 till bonuspotten » 2500 (= 1/2 av 5000) / 200 eqs (= 1000/5) » 12,5 SEK för var 5:e eq, samt » 2500 (= 1/2 av 5000) / 50 eqs (=1000/20) » 50 SEK för var 20:e eq. » Således, om du äger 20 eqs blir, beroende på kvoten antal eqs / nettointäkter, avkastningen i SEK per eq & år upp till: 5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-17,5-5-5-5-5-67,5** (Summa: 165 + 317,5 + 1*67,5 alt 205 + 412,5 + 150 = 200 SEK* för varje 20-post till 200 SEK inköpspris). » Vid helårsinnehav blir per eq-post (inköpspris inom parentes) årlig maxavkastning i SEK resp i procent t ex: 1-(10)-5-50%, 5-(50)-37,5-75%, 20-(200)-200-100%. En multipel faktor eqs matchar samma multipla faktor årsavkastning, t ex: 10-(100)-50-50%, 50-(500)-375-75%, 200-(2000)-2000-100%. » Värdet av en eqs årsavkastning aggregeras till dess nominella grundvärde (inköpspriset 10 SEK) och avkastning från ev tidigare år. » Grundvärdet är alltid oreducerat. Årsavkastningsandelen är oreducerad vid helårsinnehav och reducerad med årsandelen av dagar som fattas vid delårsinnehav. » Vid equity-ägares försäljning av eqs återbetalar vi i turordning hela deras innevarande värde (saldot vid senaste årsskiftet) så snart medlem(mar) köper ny(a) eq(s) till minst samma antal som aktuellt försäljningsantal, dock senast i slutet av därpå följande halvår (sålt 1:a halvåret » återbet senast 30 dec samma år; sålt 2:a halvåret » återbet senast 30 juni året därpå). Ersättningar för egenutveckling av programvara & databank, forskningsomkostnader, medlemssupport och ev resande, alla i tjänsten. Fonderade och buffrade saldon liksom alla intäkter, kostnader och nuvarande antal eqs resp antalet vid senaste årsskiftet redovisas öppet. Donationer* fonderas i vår stiftelse för egna och andras insatser på området, och dessa med deras användning redovisas i enlighet med ev donationsvillkor. Eller ekvivalent, se bizz model för gällande växelkurser. * Du kan påverka avkastningsgraden och förstärka en positiv spiral: köp equities så » ökar sajtens popularitet varigenom » annonseringen ökar, med » ökade annonsörsvinster som följd; annonsera så » ökar sajtens popularitet varigenom » equityköpen ökar, med » ökade reella equityvinster och därigenom » ökad annonsering som följd, o s v, o s v. var god uppge ditt medlemsnr* & namn/alias i alla meddelanden till oss*

Acwareus info modell
basinfo » medlem utökad info » annonsör/ partner/...* komplett info » equity-(andels-)ägare* + verktyg » CatELab-APS/e3 kund * ju fler equities desto mer info

Acwareus bizz modell
nationella betalningar » bankgiro 876-4169 internationella Bic/Swift » ESSESESS Iban » SE39500000000CLNRACCOUNT var god uppge ditt medlemsnr & namn/alias

förlorade paradis och nationer
Scenarier för havsnivåhöjning: 1:a vågen (1 m) » förintar "paradisöar" (raderar för alltid bort de flesta av flaggorna på kartan nedan) och översvämmar kustregioner och många kuststäder världen runt vid stormvindar 2:a vågen (2 m) » vattenfyller de kanske flesta kuststäder, låglänta nationer som Bangla Desh & Nederländerna vid höga tidvattennivåer och stormar, sveper bort och avfolkar de Karibiska, Stillahavs, Atlantiska & Indiska övärldarna och gör hamnar obrukbara, varigenom omöjliggörs gods- & passagerar-sjöfart 3:e vågen (3 m) » dränker varje kuststad och den mesta kustnära sjö- eller landbaserade infrastrukturen världen över, och dränker nationer som Danmark och Australien, öar som Irland, Sicilien, Sardinien, ... 4:e vågen (...) » involverar verkliga vågor, nämligen enorma tsunamis skapade av att kanande isberg från Antarktis vältrar ner i havet - allt sagt & gjort orsakande uppåt 70 meters havsnivåhöjning

CatELab & APS/e3 integrerade processer

CatELab forskningsverktyg integrerat med APS/e3 i iterativa, varaktiga, klimatneutrala processer: » Templates: Regler, mönster, (kor)relationer, förbindelser, formler etc som kan appliceras på data av olika slag i enlighet med vetenskapliga fakta och forskningsresultat eller andra slutsatser med baserade på valfritt område. CatELab-APS/e3 importerar, utnyttjar och förenklar formulerandet av nya Templates oavsett typ, användning och komplexitet. » Scientific data: Vetenskaplig och annan typ av data, lagrade i databasen integrerad i CatELab-APS/e3, eller extraherade från Internet i realtid, inlänkade i Simulatorn eller i Template Managern på varje nivå och exekveringssteg. » CatELab-APS/e3 programvara: "Reaktorn" för simulering på parametrar omfattande Scientific data (2), Templates (1), temperatur, tryck, ev magnetfält, ev elektromagnetisk strålning, ev icke-katalytisk dopnings- eller annan nano-substans etc, för att identifiera lämpliga katalytiska kandidater till produktion av olika skräddarsydda bränslen eller andra produkter, ur växthusgaser (framför allt CO2) i processer baserade på Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis (APS) - tillämpad artificiell fotosyntes. Lämpligheten hos varje katalytisk kandidat graderas efter dess förenlighet med tvingande standards utgörande (utväxlingen av) energi, ekonomi and ekologi (e3) såsom en oseparerbar triangulär ram för marknaden. Programvaran hanterar också databaser och andra datasets, mappningar från datakällor på internet etc (2), hanterar Templates (1), samt kalibrerar, mäter, utvärderar och kontrollerar processer (4), sparande alla data associerade med dessa tillsammans med labmiljöfaktorer. » APS/e3 processer: APS/e3 processer utnyttjar Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis (APS) - tillämpad artificiell fotosyntes, och hämtar följande input: Solljus, Vatten (ur havet), Koldioxid (atmosfärisk eller ur skorsten), Katalysator(er). Resulterande process-outputs är bränslen och andra produkter. » Output: • Rent Kol (C) i fast form för kraftverk och industrier. • Gasformiga Kolväten (CxHx) såsom Metan, Etan, Propan och Butan. • Flytande Kolväten (CxHx) såsom Hexan, Bensen, Fotogen/Paraffin och tyngre föreningar. Bensin är en blandning av ett femtiotal molekylära föreningar, Diesel innehåller tyngre molekyler. • Flytande alkoholer såsom Metanol, Etanol, Propanol och bi-alkoholiska föreningar såsom DME (gasformig) och tyngre, flytande sådana. • Nyttoprodukter såsom plaster, mediciner, gödningsämnen, byggnads- och andra konstruktionsmaterial, polymerer, vaxer, mascara, smörjfetter, tjära, asfalt och mycket mer. T o m electricitet kan produceras som en biprodukt till vissa processer. Rent Väte (H2) produceras enkelt genom genom delning av vatten i elektrolys (oxidation/reduktion) utan katalysator, kanske bäst driven av vind- eller solkraftselektricitet. Dock är Väte inte lämpat som bränsle annat än i kraftverk eller industrier direkt anslutande till där det produceras.
	« Läs mer »

CCR - APS processer
Schematic conceptual view of photocatalyst oxidation & photocatalyst reduction + synthesis processes
Catalyst induced processes in Artificial PhotoSynthesis applying our concept of CCR - Carbon(dioxide) Capture and Recycling (or Reprocessing/Regeneration/Reactivation/Reuse/...) Our CatELab-APS/e3 catalyst elaboration/E-Lab simulation software embodies a science-based simulation "reactor" kernel and a virtual lab which emulates any imaginable laboratory setup and configuration found or conceived in the real world. It elaborates GHG-to-fuel CCR transformed conversion processes by tailoring the catalyst required for meeting the producer's desired fuel type output in any given inter-combined environmental condition setup with respect to GHG compound and density, temperature and pressure. All is achieved in separate but integrated process steps: » Photocatalyst (or Non-) designed to do what green leaves do in the initial step of natural photosynthesis by means of a (one of many types of) Chlorophyll emulating (only desirably thousands-fold more efficiently) catalyst molecule - in order to boast a fuel production satisfying the not least important of the three viably indispensible 'e' letters of our software's nominal e3 notion: economy. This step is however not mandatory for the ensuing second dual-step-process to come alive, while the H2O (water) split that occurs in step 1 easily and often favorably could be substituted for hydrogen plus-ion production by means of electrolysis of water, yielding an identical result: feeding H+ ions into step 2 processes. » A dual process step commenced by splitting CO2 Carbondioxide into CO Carbonmonoxide and O Oxygen (formula: 2CO2 -> 2CO + O2) in the presence of a fit Chlorophyll emulating (only also here thousands-fold more efficient) catalyst molecule. The first part of this dual process step is then ensued by combining the CO Carbonmonoxide with the H+ Hydrogen, free electrons supplied by step (1) or by electrolysis, and possibly O Oxygen into various hydrocarbon, solid carbon, or alcohol fuels or other type of product, whose output type is determined by the type of catalyst molecule present. The economic satisfaction of a certain process taking place is determined by the output volumes (the output rates) in relation to the process parameter settings (the input values of density, temperature, pressure, and any other entity that may or may not come into play). $<?PHP echo ($swelang?' se CatELab-APS/e3 forskningsverktyg beskrivning & specifikation ':' view CatELab-APS/e3 research software tool description & specifics ');?>$ Photocatalyst oxidation & photocatalyst reduction + synthesis processes as viewed in CatELab-APS/e3 virtual simulator 3D-model The fulfilment of input requisites is also allied with the competitive market prices for each type of fuel produced -- supplying the right energy market product is fine, doing it from GHGs - thereby cleaning out the atmosphere from their detrimental impact - is super. But only so long as it is produced and put on sale at a competitive price. The market alone will decide how competitive any output product will prove to be. Customers may well find themselves motivated to pay more for clean fuels, just like some of us fancy even expensive organically grown foods, but in order to truly bring about a change in terms of an adequate atmospheric cleanup, putting a halt to acidification, ice meltoffs and climatic catastrophes, we need to attract the vast majority that often primarily consume what comes at the best price. Low production costs and utilization of existing distribution infrastructure is the best way to ensure this, hence not founding any hopes on political decisions like tax regulations or product subsidizing. CatELab-APS/e3 simulator virtual 3D-model showing a solid heterogenous surface catalyst in action while converting methane into methanol by means of an injected catalyst or series of catalysts Our CatELab-APS/e3 software will enable the elaboration of catalysts suitable for various conditions and applications: diluted atmospheric and seawater-dissolved GHGs at various temperatures and at normal atmospheric - aquatic pressures; concentrated car exhaust outlet GHGs at high temperatures and elevated gas pressure (compare with today's nitrogen transforming catalytic converters, mandatory underneath every modern car); concentrated industry and power plant smokestack GHGs at reduced temperatures and moderate pressure; any today not anticipated application dealing with any range of concentration, temperature and pressure. Also, of course adapted to the type of fuel the energy producer desires to output at any given facility or mobile catalytic converter setup. This implies that we have designed our software to work with any given combined level of those four production conditions, be they high or low, dense or diluted, hot or cold, respectively. At the very finish line we wish to - and we see no reason not to - be able to offer a software that can be managed in a simple way by non-scientist personnel, simply operated through intuitive web browser interface parameter calibrations of the anticipated transformation process input conditions as well as the desired outputs by turn.
Time- & length scale view of scibase math areas or levels coverage by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator (image by courtesy of Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces). Relate to the following graphics below.
Catalyst Elaboration through virtual Multi-Physics, Omni-Science simulation based on real world mathematical calculation Our CatELab-APS/e3 catalyst elaboration/E-Lab simulation software is none short of an Omni-Science & a Multi-Physics simulation cross-over hybrid platform, that will be released in various "reactor" kernel and virtual lab versions, as said above emulating any imaginable laboratory setup and configuration found or conceived in the real world. All our product versions for various contemporary science hot spots bear the kinship and the sword's mark of Acwareus Climate-Energy Solutions, be it brought to market under separate trademarks or hosted by separate partnering hosts. Here offered, this Catalyst Elaboration/E-Lab ad hoc setup version through simulations enables the elaboration of GHG-to-fuel CCR transformation and conversion processes by tailoring the catalyst(s) required for meeting the producer's desired fuel type output, in any given inter-combined environmental condition setup with respect to GHG compound and density, temperature, pressure and other key factors. It thereby fully integrates with other featured versions of our product line. The "reactor" kernel, regardless of released version dedicated to a demanded ad-hoc featured scientific hot-spot, operates seamlessly inside all four main fields of mathematical or iteratively approaching numerical fields or levels of calculation: quantum calculation » carries out computations in the small quantum cohomology ring of any Grassmannian of classical type. More precisely, it covers ordinary Grassmannians (type A) and Grassmannians of isotropic subspaces in a symplectic vector space (type C) or in an orthogonal vector space (type B or D), aimed at studying the small quantum cohomology rings of submaximal isotropic and orthogonal Grassmannians. molecular dynamics » studies the physical movements of atoms and molecules, it's thus a type of N-body simulation. Trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanics force fields. mesoscale simulation » visualizes the pattern formation aspects related to materials science. This includes activities on solidification in multicomponent alloys, kinetics of phase transformations, dislocations and cracks, friction, and the modeling of polycrystalline materials, phenomena appearing on dimensions between the atomic and continuum scales. continuum simulation » incorporates calculated smaller-length scale quantities (e g yield stress, chemical reaction pathways) into continuum models. Through the use of arbitrary Lagrange/Eulerian codes, the software evaluates sensitivity and impact of these fundamental quantities at the continuum length scale. All these calculations are accompanied by templates, models, attributes, schemes, configuration, parameterization, and non-mathematical based factual approaches inside e g Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Electro-science %amp; Electronics, Physics etc where e g bacteria, cell-membranes, mitocondria and proteins enter the stage.
Schematic view of design steps and intrinsic constraints to scibase math areas or levels covered by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator

Bi-projectional (sideways & top-down) views of scibase math areas or levels covered by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator

More detailed time- & length scale view of scibase math areas or levels coverage by CatELab-APS/e3 simulator (image by courtesy of M. Stan, Materials Today)

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CatELab-APS/e3 forskningsverktyg

CatELab-APS/e3 = Catalyst ELaborator - Applied Artificial PhotoSynthesis Initiative Software/ (for) energy-ecology-economy (resilient solutions) Goda skäl hela veckan lång att välja vårt forskningsverktyg: • 1 » CatELab-APS/e3 är en uppsättning begreppsmässiga skisser omfattande principerna runt artificiell fotosyntes och deras industriella tillämpningar. • 2 » CatELab-APS/e3 är ett allfunktionellt verktyg för att beskriva varje vetenskaplig verklighet - definiera faktamodeller, korrelationer, templates, inputs och önskade outputs - och för att simulera på alla vetenskapliga samband av fysisk, kemisk, biologisk, elektronisk eller annan natur, även sinsemellan kombinerade. • 3 » Kärnkomponenten är en databas och en gränslös, sömlös sökfunktion som sparar och presenterar sökresultaten som flerdimensionella arrayer och grafiska element. Sökfunktionen filtreras genom en "reaktor" som applicerar modeller, templates etc och som möjliggör simulering på entiteter och APS-processers alla ingående komponenter och produktionsmiljöer. Begripligt för vem som helst - forskare eller annan medarbetare på ditt företag eller forskningsinstitut - extraheras ett inkapslat universum i varje under-sökt och simulerad korrelation. • 4 » Vetenskapliga data är strukturerade som stjärn-scheman i databasen - en fakta-data-kärna med ett obegränsat antal dimensioner av anslut-ande dataattribut - från filimporter, manuell redigering, databaser eller datamängder på nätet och hårda vetenskapliga fakta, data om lanserade produkter, modeller, templates etc. • 5 » Dess föregångare har använts i samman-hang som beskattning & revision, business intel-ligence & datalager, biomedicin & andra bioveten-skaper, vilket visar dess mångsidighet och flexi-bilitet. • 6 » Detta verktyg utgör den oumbärliga följe-slagaren till varje institutionell och experimentell laboratorieverksamhet, genom att eliminera eller skära ner behovet av kostsam utrustning, lokaler, personal, material och substanser till ett absolut minimum. • 7 » Det är också väsentligt för design och konstruktion av olika energi- eller bränsleprodu-cerande verksamheter, och för att bryta ner aktiviteter i allt mer detaljerade, fullt urskiljbara och ändå holistiskt fullt överblickbara hierarkier. Därigenom förvandlas en annars ofta knepig projektplanering, genomförande och uppföljning till en ren njutning - icke att förglömma alla goda skäl som förknippas med att generera, administ-rera och förfoga över välstrukturerad dokumenta-tion på alla nivåer.
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FleXray Anylyzer utility software
FleXray Anylyzer is a disruptive epIQ utility software for analyzing anything, any way. This omnifarious & omnipotent utlility is integrated into the Important Facts & Docs section. Its functionality can be applied to any data coming in any type from any source. Check it out to experience its ground-breaking, limitless possibilities! (the analyze functionality portion of this utility is available to FleXray subscribers and to CatELab licensees. Contact us for a demo and for additional information.)
This utility is developed by us as a stand-alone software package easily integrable onto any set of information source - documents, calculation sheets, videos, audios, photos, graphics, animations, databases, webplaces, maps ... whatever -- No "Big-Data"... c) : Works with any document format ... any video format ... any image format ... any raw data streaming in from anywhere, auto-structured by the reader function into crystal clear data and analyzed to your every need of clarity. So check it out and experience a new world of perceiving and dealing with... anything really... right at your fingertips, coming alive at your excited feet! This will turn you into a big-time juggler in total control - intuitively and with no effort. Stay tuned 4 addons!
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